Whakamātautau Hiranga Tatauranga
I roto i te rangahau tauanga, ko tētahi o ngā pātai e tino kitea ana ko: he "tūturu" rānei ngā rerekētanga, ngā whanaungatanga rānei i kitea i roto i ngā raraunga, he mea tūpono noa iho rānei nā te rerekētanga matapōkere? Hei whakautu i tēnei, ka whakamahia e ngā kairangahau ngā whakamātautau hiranga tatauranga. Ka āwhina ēnei whakamātautau ki te whakatau mēnā he kaha ngā hua i puta mai i tētahi tauira hei whakawhānui ake ki te taupori, i runga i tētahi anga tūponotanga motuhake. Ahakoa he āhua hangarau te āhua o ngā kupu, he māmā noa te ariā taketake: ka whakatauritea e mātou ngā mea i kitea e mātou ki ngā mea kua tupu mēnā kāore he pānga.
Whakamāramatanga me te Kaupapa
He tikanga whaimana te whakamātautau hiranga tatauranga e whakamahia ana hei aromatawai i ngā taunakitanga mai i ngā raraunga mō tētahi kōrero (whakapae) mō tētahi taupori. Ko tōna kaupapa matua he whakatau mēnā he nui, he ōrite hoki tētahi pānga—hei tauira, te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā toharite rōpū e rua, te hononga i waenga i ngā taurangi e rua, te pānga rānei o tētahi maimoatanga—kia kore ai e tūpono ka puta noa mai i te tūponotanga.
I roto i te mahi, kāore ngā whakamātautau hiranga e "whakamātautau" ana i te pono o tētahi ariā, engari e whakarato ana i tētahi ine mō te kaha o te whakahē a ngā raraunga i tētahi whakaaro. Koinei te wāhi e hiranga ai te mārama kei roto ngā tatauranga i te ao o te koretake. Kāore he tino pono, engari he taumata whakapono e tautokona ana e ngā raraunga.
Te Whakaaro Kore me te Whakaaro Rerekē
Ko ngā whakamātautau hiranga e hangai ana ki ngā kōrero e rua:
1. Te whakapae kore (H₀): e kī ana kāore he rerekētanga, kāore he whanaungatanga, kāore rānei he awe. Hei tauira: "Ko te māka toharite o te akomanga A he rite ki te akomanga B," "Kāore he whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā hāora ako me ngā kaute whakamātautau."
2. Te whakapae rerekē (H₁, Hₐ rānei): e kī ana he rerekētanga, he whanaungatanga, he awe rānei. Hei tauira: "He rerekē te māka toharite o te akomanga A i te akomanga B," "He whanaungatanga kei waenganui i ngā hāora ako me ngā kaute whakamātautau."
Ka whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau hiranga i runga i te whakaaro tuatahi he pono a H₀. Kātahi ka tātarihia ngā raraunga kia kitea ai mēnā he tino onge ngā hua mēnā he pono a H₀. Mēnā he onge, ka whakahēngia e tātou a H₀.
Te uara p (uara-p) me tōna tikanga
Ko te ariā matua o te whakamātautau hiranga ko te uara-p. Ki te kī māmā noa, ko te uara-p te tūponotanga o te whiwhi i tētahi hua tino nui pērā i te mea i kitea i roto i ngā raraunga, me te whakaaro he pono te whakapae kore.
– Mena he iti a p, ko te tikanga he onge te puta o ngā hua i kitea ina he pono a H₀, nō reira he take tā tātou ki te whakakore i a H₀.
– Mena he nui a p, ko te tikanga he pono tonu ngā hua i kitea mena he pono a H₀, nō reira kāore i te nui ā mātou taunakitanga hei whakakore i te H₀.
Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka hē te mārama ki te uara-p. Ehara te uara-p i te tūponotanga he pono, he hē rānei a H₀. Ehara hoki i te ine i te nui o te pānga. Ko te uara-p e tohu noa ana i te kaha o ngā taunakitanga e whakahē ana i a H₀ i roto i tētahi anga motuhake.
Taumata Hiranga (α)
Hei whakatau, ka whakatakotohia e ngā kairangahau he taumata hiranga, e tohuhia ana e te α (alpha). Ko ngā uara e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te 0,05 (5%), 0,01 rānei (1%). Ko te ture:
– Mēnā ko p ≤ α , ka kiia ngā hua he hiranga ā-tatauranga , ā, ka whakakahoretia a H₀.
– Mena he nui ake te p i te α, kāore te hua i te hiranga, ā, kāore te H₀ i whakakahoretia.
Ehara te whiriwhiri i te α i te whakatau hangarau noa iho, engari me whai whakaaro anō hoki ki te horopaki. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā rangahau hauora e pā ana ki te haumaru o te tūroro, ka whiriwhiri pea ngā kairangahau i tētahi α tino pakari ake (0,01) hei whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā whakatau hē.
Ngā Hapa Momo I me te Momo II
Nā te mea he whakatau i raro i te koretake o te āhua o ngā whakamātautau tatauranga, kei reira tonu te tūponotanga o te hapa:
1. Hapa Momo I (hē pai): te whakahē i a H₀ ina he pono a H₀. Ko te tūponotanga ka whakahaeretia e α.
2. Hapa Momo II (hē kino): te korenga e whakakore i te H₀ ina he pono te H₁. Ko te tūponotanga ka tohua e β (beta); ko te whakahuri ka kiia ko te mana, ko te 1 − β.
I roto i ngā horopaki o te ao tūturu, ka pā mai ngā hua kino ki ngā momo hapa e rua. Hei tauira, ko te whakaaro he whai hua te rongoā i te wā kāore i te whai hua (Momo I) ka pā kino, ko te whakaaro kāore he whai hua te rongoā i te wā e whai hua ana (Momo II) ka arahi pea ki te ngaronga o ngā whai wāhitanga rongoā.
Ngā Momo Whakamātautau Hiranga Noa
He maha ngā whakamātautau hiranga, ā, ko te kōwhiringa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kaupapa, te momo raraunga, me ngā whakapae e tutukihia ana. Ko ētahi o ngā mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Whakamātautau-T: e whakataurite ana i te toharite o ngā rōpū e rua (hei tauira, whakamātautau me te mana whakahaere). He putanga whakamātautau-t motuhake me te putanga whakamātautau-t takirua.
– ANOVA: ka whakataurite i te toharite o ngā rōpū neke atu i te rua (hei tauira, ngā tikanga ako e toru).
– Whakamātautau Chi-square: whakamātautau i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi kāwai (hei tauira, te ira tangata me te kōwhiringa o te kaupapa matua).
– Te Hononga Pearson/Spearman: te whakamātautau i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi tau e rua (Pearson mō ngā raraunga noa, Spearman mō ngā raraunga raupapa/kore noa).
– Te whakatauira rārangi/whakatauira: te whakamātautau i te awe o tētahi, neke atu rānei o ngā taurangi matapae ki te taurangi putanga.
He whakapae kei ia whakamātautau, pērā i te āhua noa, te ōritetanga o te rerekētanga, te tū motuhake rānei o ngā raraunga. Mā te takahi i ēnei whakapae ka arahi pea ki ngā hua whakamātautau he, nō reira he mea nui te tātaritanga raraunga me ngā whakamātautau o mua.
Te Hiranga Tatauranga me te Hiranga Whaihua
Ko tētahi whakahē mō te whakamātautau hiranga ko te aro nui rawa o ngā kairangahau ki te mea he "hiranga" he "koretake" rānei, me te kore e whai whakaaro ki ōna pānga mahi. Mēnā he nui rawa ngā tauira, ka taea e ngā rerekētanga iti te whai hiranga tatauranga, ahakoa kāore e kitea nuitia ana. I tetahi atu taha, ki ngā tauira iti, ko ngā pānga he tino hiranga, kāore pea e eke ki te hiranga nā te kore e ranea te kaha.
Nō reira, me haere tahi ngā whakamātautau hiranga me ēnei e whai ake nei:
– Ngā rahi pānga pēnei i te d a Cohen, te eta-squared, te ōwehenga tūponotanga rānei.
– Te wā whakawhirinaki hei whakaatu i te whānuitanga o ngā uara tawhā whaitake.
Mā te whakakotahitanga o te uara-p, te rahi o te pānga, me te āputa whakapono ka puta he pikitia whānui ake: ehara i te mea ko te "he pānga, kāore rānei," engari ko te "rahi o te pānga, ā, me pēhea te tino mōhio ki taua whakatau tata."
Ngā Hipanga Whānui mō te Whakahaere i tētahi Whakamātautau Hiranga
Ko te tikanga whānui ko:
1. Tuhia te H₀ me te H₁ e ai ki ngā pātai rangahau.
2. Whakatauhia te α (hei tauira, 0,05).
3. Kōwhiria te whakamātautau tika e ai ki te momo raraunga me te hoahoa rangahau.
4. Tirohia ngā whakapae whakamātautau (te āhua noa, te rerekētanga, te tū motuhake, me ētahi atu).
5. Tātaihia ngā tatauranga whakamātautau, ka whiwhi i te uara-p.
6. Whakatauritea te uara-p ki te α, ka whakatau i ngā whakatau.
7. Pūrongohia ngā hua katoa, tae atu ki ngā rahi pānga me ngā āputa whakapono mēnā ka taea.
Kei roto hoki i te pūrongo pai te horopaki, pērā i ngā āhuatanga o te tauira, ngā tikanga ine, me te whakaaro pākiki pea.
Te Katinga
He taputapu nui ngā whakamātautau hiranga tatauranga hei aromatawai mēnā kei te whakaata pea ngā kitenga raraunga i ngā āhuatanga o te taupori, i te hua rānei o te rerekētanga matapōkere. Heoi, ehara i te mea ko ēnei whakamātautau anake te kaiwhakawa mō te pono o te pūtaiao. Me mārama tika te uara-p, me te whakakotahi i te rahi o te pānga, te āputa whakapono, me te aromatawai horopaki o te hiranga o ngā hua.
Ina whakamahia tika, ka āwhina ngā whakamātautau hiranga kia whai kiko ake, kia whai kawenga hoki te rangahau. I tetahi atu taha, ki te whakamahia ā-ringa me te kore e mārama ki ō rātou whakaaro me ngā herenga, ka taea e rātou te arahi ki ngā whakatau hē. Nō reira, ko te mārama ki ngā ariā, te whakamaoritanga whakaaro nui, me te pūrongo mārama he mea nui ki te whakamahi i ngā whakamātautau hiranga hei tautoko i ngā whakataunga e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga.
