Ngā Tikanga mō te Hanga Histogram i runga i ngā Raraunga Rōpū
He taputapu whakaatu raraunga e whakamahia whānuitia ana te histogram i roto i ngā tatauranga, inā koa ka mahi ki ngā raraunga rōpū. Kāore i rite ki te tūtohi pae noa, e whakaatu ana i ngā kāwai motuhake, ka whakaatu te histogram i te tohatoha auau o ngā raraunga tau kua rōpūhia ki ngā wā akomanga. Mā te histogram, ka taea e tātou te tirotiro i ngā tauira tohatoha raraunga, ngā au (hei tauira, te piko ki te taha matau, ki te taha maui rānei), tae atu ki te whakatau tata o te āhua tohatoha (noa, piko, rua-ara, me ētahi atu). Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga mō te hanga pūnaha i ngā histogram mō ngā raraunga rōpū, mai i te hanga i tētahi ripanga tohatoha auau ki te tuhi i tētahi histogram tika.
1. Te Mārama ki ngā Raraunga Rōpū me ngā Histogram
Ko ngā raraunga rōpū he raraunga tau kua whakarapopototia ki ētahi wā akomanga. Hei tauira, kāore ngā kaute whakamātautau a ngā ākonga e whakaaturia takitahi ana, engari kua whakarōpūhia ki ngā awhe 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, me ētahi atu. He auau kei ia wā, arā, te maha o ngā raraunga e taka ana i roto i taua wā.
He kauwhata te histogram e titoa ana e ngā pae e tata ana te tawhiti, kāore he āputa (he āputa iti rawa rānei), nā te mea e tohu ana i tētahi whānuitanga uara tonu. Ko te whānui o te pae e tohu ana i te roa o te wā akomanga, ko te teitei o te pae e tohu ana i te auau, i te kiato auau rānei (i runga i te ōrite, i te rerekē rānei o ngā whānui akomanga).
2. Te Hanga i tētahi Ripanga Tohatoha Auautanga
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ki te waihanga i tētahi histogram ko te hanga i tētahi ripanga tohatoha auau. Ko te tikanga o tēnei tukanga ko:
1. Whakatauhia ngā uara iti rawa me ngā uara mōrahi o ngā raraunga.
2. Tātaihia te awhe = mōrahi − mōkito.
3. Whakatauhia te maha o ngā akomanga (k).
4. Whakatauhia te roa o te akomanga (p) = te whānuitanga / k (whakaawhiwhia kia rite ki te hiahia).
5. Whakaritea ngā wā akomanga, ka tatau i te auau o ia wā.
He maha ngā aratohu hei whakatau i te maha o ngā akomanga. Ko tētahi o ngā aratohu rongonui ko te tātai Sturges:
k = 1 + 3,3 log10(n)
ko n te maha o ngā pūwāhi raraunga. Ka whakaawhiwhia te hua o k ki te tauoti tata rawa.
Tauira māmā: mēnā ko n = 40, ko k ≈ 1 + 3,3 log10(40) ≈ 1 + 3,3(1,602) ≈ 6,29 kia taea ai te tīpako i ngā akomanga e 6, e 7 rānei.
3. Te Whakatau i ngā Rohe Akomanga me ngā Tapa Akomanga
Ko tētahi hapa e kitea whānuitia ana i te wā e hanga ana i ngā histogram ko te whakapoauau i ngā rohe akomanga me ngā taha akomanga.
– Ko ngā rohe akomanga he tau kua tuhia ki ngā wā wehe, hei tauira 50–59.
– Ko ngā rohe akomanga he rohe tonu e wehewehe ana i ngā akomanga kia kore ai he "āputa" i waenga i ngā akomanga.
Mena he tauoti te raraunga, ka whakatauhia te taha akomanga mā te tāpiri me te tango i te 0,5.
Tauira:
– Ko ngā tapa akomanga o te wā 50–59 he 49,5–59,5
– Ko ngā tapa akomanga o te wā 60–69 he 59,5–69,5
Nō reira, ka tūtaki ngā tapa o te akomanga ki te 59,5, kia āhua kotahi ai, kia tino haere tonu ai te tauira kauwhata.
Heoi, mēnā he ine tonu te raraunga (hei tauira, te teitei i roto i te cm, ā, ka taea te whai ira-ira), ko te whakatau i ngā rohe akomanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tika o te ine. Ko te kaupapa matua ko te waihanga i ngā rohe akomanga kāore e taupatupatu, kāore hoki e waiho he āputa.
4. Whakatauhia te Tauine i te Tuaka X me te Tuaka Y
E rua ngā tuaka matua o te histogram:
– Tuaka X (whakapae): e whakaatu ana i ngā wā akomanga (e whakamahi ana i ngā tapa akomanga hei whakarite i te haere tonu).
– Tuaka Y (poutū): whakaatu i te auau.
Mena he rite te whānui o ngā āputa akomanga katoa, ka inehia te teitei o te pae mā te whakamahi i te auau. Heoi, ki te rerekē te whānui o ngā āputa akomanga, me ine te teitei o te pae mā te whakamahi i te kiato auau:
Kiato auau = auau / whānui akomanga
He mea nui te whakamahi i te kiato kia ōrite te horahanga o te pae ki te auau tuturu. Ki te kore, ka "rahi ake" ngā akomanga whānui nā te whānui noa iho, ehara i te mea nā te nui o ngā raraunga.
5. Te Tuhi i ngā Pae Histogram
Kia whakatauhia te tauine me ngā āputa, ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te tuhi i te pae.
Ko te tikanga tika mō te tuhi i tētahi histogram:
1. Tohua ngā tapa o te akomanga ki te tuaka-X i runga i te raupapatanga.
2. I ia wā, tuhia he pae tapawhā rite tōna whānui ki taua wā.
3. Ko te teitei o te pae e rite ana ki te auau (ki te kiato auau rānei mēnā kāore te whānui o te akomanga i te ōrite).
4. Kia tino piri ngā kakau tetahi ki tetahi (kaua he āputa).
5. Hoatu he taitara ki te histogram, tāpirihia ngā tapanga mō ngā tuaka X me Y, me ngā waeine mēnā e tika ana.
Hei tauira, mēnā ko ngā wā o te akomanga he 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, ā, ko ō rātou auau he 5, 12, 18, ka teitei ake te pae mō te akomanga 60–69 i ngā akomanga kē atu nā te mea ko tōna auau te mea nui rawa.
6. Te Pānui me te Whakamārama i ngā Histogram
Ehara te histogram i te pikitia noa iho, engari he taputapu tātari. Mai i te histogram, ka kitea e tātou:
– Akomanga Aratau: akomanga me te pae teitei rawa (te auau teitei rawa).
– Āhua tohatoha: ōrite, piko ki te taha matau (piko pai), piko ki te taha maui (piko kino), e rua rānei ngā tihi (piko rua).
– Te tohatoha raraunga: ahakoa kei te kohikohihia ngā raraunga i tētahi wā kua whakaritea, kei te horapa whānuitia rānei.
– Tohu o waho: mēnā he akomanga kei te mutunga he iti te auau, ā, kua wehea mai i te rōpū matua.
He tikanga te haere tahi me tētahi whakatau poto mō tētahi whakamārama pai. Hei tauira: "Ko te nuinga o ngā raraunga kei roto i te awhe 60–79, e tohu ana ko ngā kaute a ngā kaiuru kei roto i te kāwai waenga."
7. Ngā Hapa Noa
Anei ētahi hapa hei karo:
1. Whakatakotoria he mokowā i waenganui i ngā pae kia rite ki te tūtohi pae.
2. Mā te whakamahi i ngā rohe akomanga, kaua i ngā tapa akomanga, nō reira he āputa kei roto i te awhe raraunga.
3. Kāore e whakarerekētia te teitei o te pae ina rerekē te whānui o te akomanga, kia noho pōhēhē ai te whakataurite auau.
4. Kāore ngā tauine tuaka i te ōrite, kāore rānei i te tīmata i te kore i te tuaka auau (tērā pea ka hē te tirohanga).
5. Kāore ngā mokowā akomanga e whai ake, e taupatupatu rānei, hei tauira, 50–60 me 60–70 me te kore whakamārama mō ngā taha akomanga.
8. Ngā Tohutohu Whaihua hei Whakamōhio Ake i ngā Histograms
Hei whakamāmā ake i te mārama ki te histogram:
– Whakamahia he maha o ngā akomanga e tika ana (ko te nuinga o te wā he 5–12 akomanga, kei runga i te nui o ngā raraunga).
– Kaua e whakawhāiti rawa ngā wā (he maha rawa ngā akomanga) nā te mea ka "haruru" te histogram.
– Kaua e whakaroa i ngā mokowā whānui rawa (he iti rawa ngā akomanga) nā te mea ka ngaro pea te tauira tohatoha.
– Whakaurua ngā pūtake raraunga, te rahi o te tauira (n), me ētahi atu mōhiohio mēnā e tika ana ki roto i te pūrongo.
Mena kei te whakamahi koe i ngā pūmanawa pēnei i a Excel, Google Sheets, i ngā tono tatauranga rānei, kia mārama tonu ki te ariā o te taha akomanga me te whānui akomanga kia kore ai e hē ngā hua o te histogram.
Te Katinga
Ko te tikanga o te waihanga i tētahi histogram mō ngā raraunga kua whakarōpūtia me tino tika te hanga i ngā āputa akomanga, te whakatau i ngā rohe akomanga, me te whakatau i ngā teitei pae e tika ana. Mena he ōrite ngā āputa akomanga, whakamahia noa te auau hei teitei pae. Mena kāore i te ōrite ngā āputa, whakamahia te kiato auau hei pupuri i te tirohanga tika me te tika. Mā te histogram kua hangaia tika, ka taea e tātou te tiki tere i tētahi tirohanga whānui o te tauira tohatoha raraunga me te hanga i ngā whakamaoritanga tika ake i roto i te tātari tatauranga.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i ngā tauira raraunga me te whakaoti i ngā mahi tatau kia oti rā anō te hanga i te histogram (ā-ringa, mā Excel/Sheets rānei).
