Te Tūranga o Plato i te Whanaketanga o te Rapunga Whakaaro
Ko Plato (tērā pea i waenganui i te 427–347 BC) tētahi o ngā tino tangata whai mana i roto i te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro o te Hauāuru. Ehara i te mea he ākonga ia nō Hōkerete anake, engari ko ia anō hoki te kaiwhakaū o te Kura i Ātene—he whare wānanga e kiia ana ko te "whare wānanga" tuatahi i te ao Hauāuru. Nā roto i āna kōrero rapunga whakaaro, i hanga e Plato te huarahi whakaaro o te tangata mō te pono, te mātauranga, ngā tikanga matatika, te tōrangapū, me te mooni. He tino hohonu tana tūranga i roto i te whanaketanga o te rapunga whakaaro, ā, i noho ōna whakaaro hei tohutoro nui mō ngā kura whakaaro o muri mai, mai i a Aristotle ki te Neoplatonism ki te rapunga whakaaro o ēnei rā.
Te Papamuri me te Horopaki o ngā Whakaaro a Plato
I noho a Plato i te wā o te raruraru tōrangapū i Ātene, inā koa i muri i te Pakanga Peloponnesian me te whakamatenga o Hōkerete (399 BC). Nā ngā huihuinga o te matenga o Hōkerete i tino awe a Plato: i kite ia me pēhea te whakaaro o te iwi me ngā tikanga o te manapori e arahi hē ana ina kore e arahina e te mātauranga me te whakaaro nui. Mai i tēnei wheako i puta ake ai te āwangawanga o Plato ki ngā kaupapa o te tika, te kāwanatanga pai, me te mātauranga matatika. Ko ana mahi he kōrero, ehara i te tuhinga whaimana, kia karangatia ai te kaipānui ki te kite i te tukanga rapu pono mā roto i ngā pātai me ngā whakautu, ngā whakahē, me te whakakoi i ngā tautohetohe.
Te Tikanga Kōrero me te Taonga Tuku Iho o Hōkerete
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Plato ko te tiaki i te tikanga a Socrate, he huarahi mō te rapunga whakaaro mā te kōrero arohaehae (elenchus). Mā roto i ngā kōrero o mua pērā i a Euthyphro, te Apology, te Crito, me ngā Laches, e whakaatu ana a Plato i a Socrates hei tangata e wero ana i ngā whakaaro noa me te whakamātautau i ngā whakamāramatanga o ngā ariā matatika pērā i te "karakia," te "toa," me te "tika." He mea nui tēnei tikanga i roto i te whanaketanga o te rapunga whakaaro nā te mea e whakanui ana i te mātauranga ehara i te whakaaro noa, i te tikanga tuku iho rānei, engari me whakamātautau mā te whakaaro pumau. Nō muri mai ka noho ko tēnei tikanga o te uiui arohaehae hei tūāpapa mō te tikanga rapunga whakaaro, ā, i te roanga o te wā, i awe hoki i te wairua pūtaiao.
Te Ariā o ngā Āhua me te Matapūtaiao
Ko te takoha rongonui a Plato ko tana ariā mō ngā Āhua, ngā Whakaaro rānei (Ngā Āhua). E ai ki a Plato, ko te ao e kitea ana e tātou mā ō tātou kare ā-roto e huri tonu ana, e kore e pumau, ā, he maha ngā wā e tinihanga ana. Nō reira, kāore e taea e te mātauranga pono te whakawhirinaki katoa ki ngā wheako kare ā-roto. I tautohe a Plato kei muri i ngā mea e huri haere ana he mooni teitei ake, pumau hoki: ko ngā Āhua, pērā i te "Tika tonu," "Te Ataahua tonu," "Te Pai tonu rānei." Ko ngā mea o tēnei ao ka "whai wāhi" noa iho, ka "tārua" rānei i ēnei Āhua.
He nui te pānga o tēnei whakaaro ki te matatika: nā Plato i whakauru mai he rerekētanga mārama i waenga i te āhua me te mooni. Ko te tautohetohe mō ngā "ao whānui" me ngā "āhuatanga motuhake" i roto i ngā rapunga whakaaro o muri mai—tae atu ki te Waenganui o ngā Tau—i ahu mai i a Plato. Ahakoa i whakahēngia te ariā o ngā Āhua (hei tauira, e Aristotle), ko te raruraru i whakatakotoria e ia i noho tonu hei kaupapa matua mō ngā kaupapa rapunga whakaaro.
Epistemology: Te Mātauranga hei Mahara me te Whakaaroaro
I roto i te matauranga matauranga, e mōhiotia ana a Plato mō tana whakaaro ko te mātauranga pono he mea whai whakaaro, ā, e pā ana ki te ao o ngā Āhua. I roto i tana kōrero a Meno, i whakaarohia e ia te ariā o te "anamnesis," arā, "te mātauranga hei mahara": i mōhio te wairua ki ngā Āhua i mua i te whānautanga, ā, ko te ako he tukanga maumahara. Ahakoa te ahua o tēnei ariā he mea ā-tinana, ko tōna kaupapa matua ko tōna whakanui i te noho o te pono kāore i puta mai i te wheako anake engari ka taea te tae atu mā te whakaaro.
I whakamahia anō hoki e Plato tētahi kōrero whakarite rongonui i roto i te Republic (Politeia): te Kōrero Whakarite mō te Ana. E whakaritea ana te tangata ki ngā herehere i roto i te ana e kite ana i ngā atarangi anake; e pohehe ana rātou he atarangi te mooni. Ko te rapunga whakaaro te haerenga atu i roto i te ana ki te māramatanga, arā, te māramatanga ki tētahi mooni pono. He nui te awe o tēnei kōrero whakarite ki te ariā o te māramatanga hinengaro me te whakaoranga mā te mātauranga—he kaupapa e puta tonu mai ana i roto i te tikanga rapunga whakaaro me te ariā mātauranga.
Ngā Tikanga Matatika me te Ariā o te Pai Rawa
Ki tā Plato, kāore e taea te wehewehe i ngā tikanga matatika me te mātauranga. Ko te hunga e tino mōhio ana ki te pai ka hihiri ki te mahi i te pai. I roto i te pukapuka The Republic, i whakawhanakehia e ia te whakaaro ko te wairua tangata he wāhanga e toru: te whakaaro nui, te maia/wairua (thumos), me ngā hihiri/hiahia. Ka puta te oranga tika ina ārahi te whakaaro nui, ina tautoko te thumos, ā, ina noho ngā hiahia ki ō rātou wāhi tika. Ko tēnei whakaritenga pai o te wairua i noho hei tauira o ngā tikanga matatika i awe i ngā whakaaro matatika o muri mai, tae atu ki te tikanga o ngā tikanga matatika o te ngākau pono.
I whakatūria anō hoki e Plato te "Āhua o te Pai" hei tihi o te ao tūturu me te pūtake o te tikanga. Ehara te pai i te mea he hiahia whaiaro noa iho, engari he mātāpono whaitake e homai ana te tikanga ki te pono me te ataahua. I whai wāhi tēnei tirohanga ki te hanganga o ngā ariā matatika whaitake me ngā anga uara i roto i te karakia whakaaro.
Te Rapunga Whakaaro Tōrangapū: Te Āhua Pai me te Arohaehae i te Mana
I roto i te ao tōrangapū, i awe a Plato i ngā kōrero mō te kāwanatanga, te ture, me te kaiārahi. I roto i te pukapuka The Republic, i whakaarohia e ia te ariā o te "kīngi-tohunga whakaaro," he rangatira e mōhio ana ki te pai, ā, nō reira ka taea e ia te whakahaere tika. I wehewehea hoki e ia ngā akomanga ki roto i te āhua tino pai: ngā rangatira (tohunga whakaaro), ngā kaitiaki (hōia), me ngā kaihanga (ngā kaimahi pāmu, ngā kaihokohoko, me ētahi atu). Ehara tēnei wehenga i te hanganga pāpori noa iho, engari he whakataurite ki ngā wāhanga e toru o te wairua: ko te āhua tika e whakaata ana i te wairua kua whakaritea pai.
Ahakoa te whakahēngia o te ariā o Plato mō te kāwanatanga tino pai he mea whakahāwea, he mea whakahau rawa rānei, he mea nui tonu āna takoha: i whakatakotoria e ia ngā pātai "he aha te tika?" me "he aha te kaupapa o te kāwanatanga?" ki waenganui o te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū. E whakaatu ana ngā pukapuka pērā i te Statesman me te Laws i te whakaaro pono ake o Plato mō te ture me ngā umanga. E kitea ana te awe o Plato i roto i ngā tikanga whakaaro mō te mātauranga tōrangapū, te matatika tūmatanui, me te whanaungatanga i waenga i te mātauranga me te mana.
Te Mātauranga me te Tikanga Whakangungu o te Rapunga Whakaaro
I tua atu i ngā ariā ariā, i kitea te tūranga nui o Plato i te whakatūnga o te Akademia. I reira, i akohia te rapunga whakaaro me te pāngarau, te whetū, me ētahi atu mara. Nā te Akademia i whānau mai ai te tikanga roa o te mātauranga rapunga whakaaro; i ako a Aristotle ki reira mō ngā tau maha. I whakanuia e tēnei whare wānanga ehara te rapunga whakaaro i te mahi takitahi anake, engari he kaupapa kōrero me te kaupapa mātauranga—he mea i waiho hei tauira mō ngā tikanga pūtaiao o muri mai.
Te awe ki a Aristotle, te Neoplatonism, me te Waenganui o ngā Tau
I mimiti a Aristotle i te nuinga o ngā pātai a Plato, ā, i whakakahoretia ētahi o ana whakautu. Nā te arotake a Aristotle i te ariā o ngā Āhua i whakamārama i ngā tautohetohe matatika puta noa i te hītori. I muri i te wā tawhito, i whanake te whakaaro o Plato mā te Neoplatonism (a Plotinus me ōna uri), i whakakotahi i ngā āhuatanga o te matatika a Plato me tētahi pūnaha wairua uaua. I muri mai ka awe te Neoplatonism i ngā whakaaro Karaitiana o mua (hei tauira, a Augustine), me ngā tikanga rapunga whakaaro Ihirama me Hūrai mō te whanaungatanga i waenga i te Atua, te whakaaro, me te ao.
I ngā Tau Waenganui, i mau tonu ngā āhuatanga Platonic i roto i ngā kōrero mō ngā ao whānui, te āhua o te wairua, me te kaupapa o te oranga tangata. Ahakoa i roto i te tikanga hou, ka puta anō ngā kaupapa Platonic i roto i te whakaaro whaitake (Descartes), te whakaaro pai (Kant ki a Hegel), me ngā kōrero o nāianei mō ngā mea pāngarau me te mooni matatika.
Te Hiranga o Plato ki te Rapunga Whakaaro o Nāianei
Kei te whai tikanga tonu a Plato nā te mea he pātai matua, mutunga kore āna: He aha te mātauranga? He aha te pūtake o te matatika? Me pēhea te wehewehe i ngā whakaaro mai i te pono? Me pēhea te hanga a te mātauranga i ngā tāngata whenua? I tēnei wā o te mōhiohio me te whakaaro wehewehe, he nui ake te whai tikanga o te Kupu Whakataki o te Ana: ka ngawari te taka o te tangata ki roto i ngā "atarangi" o te whakatairanga, te whakaaro pākiki, me ngā mānukanuka pāpori. Ko te karanga a Plato kia rapua e te tangata te pono mā te mātauranga me te whakaaroaro arohaehae he karere nui tonu.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te tūranga o Plato i roto i te whanaketanga o te rapunga whakaaro: nāna i hanga te huarahi e whakamahia ai te rapunga whakaaro mā te kōrero, i whakatakoto i tētahi ariā mō te mooni e hipa ana i te ao o ngā kare ā-roto, i whakawhanake i tētahi tirohanga mō te mātauranga whaitake, i whakapau kaha ki te ārahi i te wairua ki te pai, ā, i whakanoho i te tika me te mātauranga ki te ngākau o te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū. Nā roto i te Kura, i waiho iho e ia tētahi tauira o te umanga hinengaro e mau tonu ana te mana tae noa mai ki tēnei rā. Hei whakaaweawe, hei whāinga hoki mō te whakahē, kei te noho tonu a Plato hei pou matua i roto i te hītori o te whakaaro tangata.
