30 Te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics – ngā raruraru me ngā otinga
1. Ka tāpirihia he 3000 J o te wera ki tētahi pūnaha, ā, ka mahia e te pūnaha he 2500 J o te mahi . He aha te panonitanga o te pūngao ā-roto o te pūnaha?
Mōhiotia:
Wera (Q) = +3000 Joule
Mahi (W) = +2500 Joule
E hiahiatia ana: te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto o te pūnaha
Rongoā:
Te whārite o te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics
ΔU = QW
Ngā tikanga tohu:
He pai te Q mēnā ka tāpirihia te wera ki te pūnaha
He pai a W mēnā he mahi te mahi e oti ana i te pūnaha
He kino te Q mēnā ka puta te wera i te pūnaha
He kino te W mēnā he mahi kei runga i te pūnaha
Te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto o te pūnaha:
ΔU = 3000-2500
ΔU = 500 Joule
Ka piki ake te pūngao ā-roto mā te 500 Joules.
2. Ka tāpirihia he 2000 J o te wera ki tētahi pūnaha, ā, ka mahia he 2500 J o te mahi ki te pūnaha. He aha te panonitanga o te pūngao ā-roto o te pūnaha?
Mōhiotia:
Wera (Q) = +2000 Joule
Mahi (W) = -2500 Joule
E hiahiatia ana: Te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto o te pūnaha
Rongoā:
ΔU = QW
ΔU = 2000-(-2500)
ΔU = 2000+2500
ΔU = 4500 Joule
Ka piki ake te pūngao ā-roto mā te 4500 Joules.
3. Ka puta te 2000 J o te wera i te pūnaha, ā, ka mahia te 2500 J o te mahi ki te pūnaha. He aha te panonitanga o te pūngao ā-roto o te pūnaha?
Mōhiotia:
Wera (Q) = -2000 Joule
Mahi (W) = -3000 Joule
E hiahiatia ana: Te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto o te pūnaha
Rongoā:
ΔU = QW
ΔU = -2000-(-3000)
ΔU = -2000+3000
ΔU = 1000 Joule
Ka piki ake te pūngao ā-roto mā te 4500 Joules.
Conclusion:
– Ki te tāpirihia he wera ki te pūnaha, ka piki ake te pūngao ā-roto o te pūnaha
– Ki te puta te wera i te pūnaha, ka heke te pūngao ā-roto o te pūnaha
– Ki te mahi te pūnaha i te mahi, ka heke te pūngao ā-roto o te pūnaha
– Ki te mahia te mahi ki te pūnaha, ka piki ake te pūngao ā-roto o te pūnaha
4. Tātaihia te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto o ngā mole e 2 o te hau pai ina tāpirihia he 400 J o te wera, ā, ka whakawhanui te hau, ka mahi i te 300 J o te mahi ki ōna taiao.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics: \( \Delta U = Q – W \):
\[ \Delta U = 400 – 300 = 100\, \text{J} \]
5. Tātaihia te whakawhiti wera mō tētahi pūnaha e mahi ana i te 200 J o te mahi ki ōna taiao, ā, ko te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto he 50 J.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[ Q = \Delta U + W = 50 + 200 = 250\, \text{J} \]
6. Tātaihia te mahi i mahia e tētahi pūnaha ina mimitihia e ia te 600 J o te wera, ā, ka piki ake tōna pūngao ā-roto mā te 150 J.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
W = Q – \Delta U = 600 – 150 = 450\, \text{J}
\]
7. Tātaihia te whakawhiti wera mō tētahi pūnaha e mahi ana i te 500 J o te mahi, ā, ka heke tōna pūngao ā-roto mā te 100 J.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
Q = \Delta U + W = (-100) + 500 = 400\, \text{J}
\]
8. Tātaihia te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto ina ngaro te 300 J o te wera, ā, ina oti te 200 J o te mahi ki te pūnaha.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
\Delta U = -300 + 200 = -100\, \text{J}
\]
9. Tātaihia te mahi i mahia ki tētahi pūnaha ina ngaro te 400 J o te wera, ā, ina heke tōna pūngao ā-roto mā te 200 J.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
W = \Delta U – Q = (-200) – (-400) = 200\, \text{J}
\]
10. Tātaihia te whakawhiti wera ina piki ake te pūngao ā-roto o te pūnaha mā te 100 J, ā, e 50 J te mahi e mahia ana ki te pūnaha.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
Q = \Delta U + W = 100 + 50 = 150\, \text{J}
\]
11. Tāutuhia te panoni o te pūngao ā-roto ina mimitihia e te pūnaha te 250 J o te wera, ā, ina mahi i te 150 J o te mahi ki ōna taiao.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
\Delta U = Q – W = 250 – 150 = 100\, \text{J}
\]
12. Tātaihia te mahi i mahia e te pūnaha ina ngaro te 300 J o te wera, ā, ka heke tōna pūngao ā-roto mā te 100 J.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
W = Q – \Delta U = -300 – (-100) = -200\, \text{J}
\]
13. Tātaihia te whakawhiti wera mō tētahi pūnaha e mahi ana i te 400 J o te mahi ki ōna taiao, ā, ka piki ake tōna pūngao ā-roto mā te 150 J.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
Q = \Delta U + W = 150 + 400 = 550\, \text{J}
\]
14. Tātaihia te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto ina tāpirihia he 500 J o te wera, ā, ka mahi te pūnaha i te 300 J o te mahi ki ōna taiao.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
\Delta U = Q – W = 500 – 300 = 200\, \text{J}
\]
15. Tātaihia te mahi i mahia e te pūnaha ina mimitihia e ia te 600 J o te wera, ā, ka piki ake tōna pūngao ā-roto mā te 200 J.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
W = Q – \Delta U = 600 – 200 = 400\, \text{J}
\]
16. Tātaihia te whakawhiti wera ina mahi te pūnaha i te 700 J o te mahi, ā, ka heke tōna pūngao ā-roto mā te 300 J.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
Q = \Delta U + W = (-300) + 700 = 400\, \text{J}
\]
17. Tātaihia te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto ina ngaro te 800 J o te wera, ā, ina oti te 400 J o te mahi ki te pūnaha.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
\Delta U = -800 + 400 = -400\, \text{J}
\]
18. Tātaihia te mahi i mahia ki te pūnaha ina ngaro te 900 J o te wera, ā, ka heke tōna pūngao ā-roto mā te 500 J.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
W = \Delta U – Q = (-500) – (-900) = 400\, \text{J}
\]
19. Tātaihia te whakawhiti wera ina piki ake te pūngao ā-roto o te pūnaha mā te 600 J, ā, e 300 J te mahi e mahia ana ki te pūnaha.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
Q = \Delta U + W = 600 + 300 = 900\, \text{J}
\]
20. Tātaihia te panoni o te pūngao ā-roto ina mimitihia e te pūnaha te 700 J o te wera, ā, ina mahi i te 350 J o te mahi ki ōna taiao.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
\Delta U = Q – W = 700 – 350 = 350\, \text{J}
\]
21. Tātaihia te mahi i mahia e te pūnaha ina ngaro te 800 J o te wera, ā, ka heke tōna pūngao ā-roto mā te 400 J.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
W = Q – \Delta U = -800 – (-400) = -400\, \text{J}
\]
22. Tātaihia te whakawhiti wera ina mahi te pūnaha i te 900 J o te mahi ki ōna taiao, ā, ka piki ake tōna pūngao ā-roto mā te 450 J.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
Q = \Delta U + W = 450 + 900 = 1350\, \text{J}
\]
23. Tāutuhia te panoni o te pūngao ā-roto ina tāpirihia te 1000 J o te wera, ā, ka mahi te pūnaha i te 500 J o te mahi ki ōna taiao.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
\Delta U = Q – W = 1000 – 500 = 500\, \text{J}
\]
24. Tātaihia te mahi i mahia e te pūnaha ina mimitihia e ia te 1100 J o te wera, ā, ka piki ake tōna pūngao ā-roto mā te 550 J.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
W = Q – \Delta U = 1100 – 550 = 550\, \text{J}
\]
25. Tātaihia te whakawhiti wera ina mahi te pūnaha i te 1200 J o te mahi, ā, ka heke tōna pūngao ā-roto mā te 600 J.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
Q = \Delta U + W = (-600) + 1200 = 600\, \text{J}
\]
26. Tātaihia te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto ina ngaro te 1300 J o te wera, ā, ina oti te 650 J o te mahi ki te pūnaha.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
\Delta U = -1300 + 650 = -650\, \text{J}
\]
27. Tātaihia te mahi i mahia ki te pūnaha ina ngaro te 1400 J o te wera, ā, ka heke tōna pūngao ā-roto mā te 700 J.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
W = \Delta U – Q = (-700) – (-1400) = 700\, \text{J}
\]
28. Tātaihia te whakawhiti wera ina piki ake te pūngao ā-roto o te pūnaha mā te 800 J, ā, e 400 J te mahi e mahia ana ki te pūnaha.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
Q = \Delta U + W = 800 + 400 = 1200\, \text{J}
\]
29. Tāutuhia te panoni o te pūngao ā-roto ina mimitihia e te pūnaha te 1500 J o te wera, ā, ina mahi i te 750 J o te mahi ki ōna taiao.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
\Delta U = Q – W = 1500 – 750 = 750\, \text{J}
\]
30. Tātaihia te mahi i mahia e te pūnaha ina ngaro te 1600 J o te wera, ā, ka heke tōna pūngao ā-roto mā te 800 J.
Rongoā:
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics:
\[
W = Q – \Delta U = -1600 – (-800) = -800\, \text{J}
\]
Kua hangaia ēnei raruraru me ngā otinga hei whakarato i tētahi māramatanga whānui mō te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics, e kī ana ko te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto o tētahi pūnaha kati he ōrite ki te wera e tāpirihia ana ki te pūnaha me te tango i te mahi i mahia e te pūnaha.
