He tuhinga mō te kāmera taputapu whatu
Ngā wāhanga o te kāmera
Ko tētahi kāmera māmā he mea tito mai i tētahi karāhe pūkohu, he diaphragm, he kati matapihi, me te kiriata.
Ko te mahi a ngā karāhe pūkohu hei hanga i te ahua tūturu me te ahua huripokitia i runga i te kiriata. He rerekē ki te karāhe o te kanohi he roa arotahi ka taea te huri, he roa arotahi tō te karāhe kāmera kāore e taea te huri. He karāhe pūkohu te karāhe kāmera, ehara i te karāhe piko , nā te mea he mariko tonu te ahua i hangaia e te karāhe piko. Engari, he tūturu te ahua i hangaia e te karāhe pūkohu ina nui ake te tawhiti o te mea i te roa arotahi. Ko te ahua tūturu he ahua e noho ana nā te mea ka taea te tuhi i tēnei ahua ki runga i te kiriata. Engari, he ahua rūpahu te ahua mariko, nō reira kāore e taea te tuhi i te ahua ki runga i te kiriata. Ka ōrite te tūranga o te ahua tūturu me te ahua huripokitia i hangaia e te karāhe pūkohu ki te tūranga o te kiriata.
Diaphragm, f-stop rānei. Ko te mahi a te diaphragm he whakahaere i te nui o te mārama e pā ana ki te kiriata. Ko te rahi o te diameter o te whakatuwheratanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te rahi o te arotahi, ā, e whakaatuhia ana e te tau-f, f-stop rānei. Ko te F-Stop te ōwehenga o te roa arotahi o te arotahi (f) ki te diameter o te whakatuwheratanga (D): f-stop = f / D. Mena he 100 mm te roa arotahi o te arotahi, ā, ko te diameter o te whakatuwheratanga he 20 mm, ko te f-stop o te arotahi he 100 mm / 20 mm = 5. I tēnei take, ka whakatakotoria te arotahi ki te f / 5. Mena he 100 mm te roa arotahi o te arotahi, ā, ko te diameter o te whakatuwheratanga he 25 mm, ko te f-stop o te arotahi he 100 mm / 25 mm = 4. I tēnei take, ka whakatakotoria te arotahi ki te f / 4. I runga i tēnei tātaitanga, ka whakatauhia ko te teitei ake o te diameter o te whakatuwheratanga, ko te iti ake o te maha o ngā f-stop, ā, ko te māmā ake i te kiriata. Ko te tau f-stop iti rawa (te diameter whakatuwheratanga tino nui) ko te tere o te arotahi.
Te tere o te kati. Ka pā te roa o te wā whakatuwheratanga o te kati ki te nui o te mārama e pā ana ki te kiriata nā te mea ina tuwhera te kati, ka tuwhera anō hoki te kiriata, ā, ka pāngia e te mārama. Ka kiia hoki te tere o te kati ko te "wā mārama". E pā ana te tere o te kati ki te wā whakatuwheratanga o te kati. Nō reira, ka whakaaturia te tere o te kati i roto i ngā hēkona. Ko te tere o te kati kei waenganui i ētahi hēkona ki te hēkona. Ko te iti o te wā whakatuwheratanga o te kati, ko te tere ake o te tere o te kati, ko te iti ake o te mārama ka pā ki te kiriata. Me tere te tere o te kati ina iti te nui o te mārama. Me tere hoki te tere o te kati hei whakakore i te pōuri o te ahua nā te nekehanga o te kāmera.
Kiriata. Ko te mahi a te kiriata he hopu i te ahua tūturu i hangaia e te arotahi o te kāmera. I ētahi tau kua pahure ake nei, i whakamahia tonutia te kiriata ki te kāmera, engari ināianei kāore te kiriata e whakamahia ana ki te kāmera. I tēnei wā, ka hopukina te ahua i hangaia e te arotahi o te kāmera mā te hiko. Ko ngā kāmera e hopu ana i ngā whakaahua mā te hiko ka kiia he kāmera matihiko. Ko ngā kāmera e hopu ana i ngā whakaahua mā te whakamahi i te kiriata ka kiia he kāmera anaro.
Te arotahi me te hanganga o te ahua
Haunga te rahi o te whakatuwheratanga o te diaphragm me te tere o te kati, ka pāngia hoki te kounga o te hopu whakaahua e te arotahi. I mua i te arotake i te arotahi o te arotahi o te kāmera, me mārama tuatahi ki te whakamārama e whai ake nei. Mō ngā arotahi pūkohu, e whakamāramahia ana mēnā he tino tawhiti te tawhiti o te mea ( s = do) ā, e kiia ana he mutunga kore, ka ōrite te ahua tūturu i hangaia e te arotahi pūkohu ki te pūwāhi arotahi o te arotahi pūkohu. Nō reira, ina he mutunga kore te tawhiti o te mea, ka ōrite te tawhiti o te ahua ( s' = di) ki te roa arotahi (f). Mō te hanganga ahua o te arotahi pūkohu, e mōhiotia ana mēnā ka iti haere te tawhiti o te mea, ka kitea ake te tawhiti o te ahua, ā, ka nui haere hoki te rahi o te ahua.
He rerekē te arotahi i te arotahi o te kāmera i te arotahi o te arotahi kanohi. Ko te arotahi ki te arotahi kanohi ka mahia mā te whakarerekē i te piko o te arotahi kanohi (te whakarerekē i te roa arotahi o te arotahi kanohi) kia taka rā anō te ahua ki runga i te retina kia puta ai te ahua tino tika. Mena he arotahi kotahi te mea e whakamahia ana e te kāmera (ehara i te arotahi whakanui he maha ngā arotahi), kāore e taea te whakarerekē i te roa arotahi o te arotahi. Ko te arotahi i te arotahi kāmera ka mahia mā te whakarerekē i te tawhiti o te ahua (in) kia puta rā anō te ahua tino tika.
Mena he tino tawhiti, he mutunga kore rānei te tawhiti o te mea ( s = do), he rite tonu te tawhiti o te ahua (di) ki te roa arotahi (f). Whakatauritea te Pikitia 1.
Mena he iti iho te tawhiti o te mea i te mutunga kore, ko te tawhiti o te ahua (s' = di) he nui ake i te roa arotahi (f). Ko te iti ake 
te tawhiti o te mea (s= (do), ka teitei ake te tawhiti o te ahua (di) me te rahi o te ahua. I runga i tēnei whakamārama, ka whakatauhia mēnā he tata ake te tawhiti i waenga i te mea me te arotahi, me whakanui ake te tawhiti i waenga i te arotahi me te kiriata. Mēnā he tawhiti ake te tawhiti i waenga i ngā mea me te arotahi, ka whakaitihia te tawhiti i waenga i te arotahi me te kiriata. Whakatauritehia te Pikitia 2.
Me aro hoki ki te roa o te arotahi o te arotahi kāmera i te arotahi ki te arotahi. Ko te roa o te arotahi o te arotahi kāmera, ko te tawhiti o te ahua ( s' = di). Ka nui ake te ahua o ngā arotahi he roa ake te arotahi. Mēnā e hiahia ana tātou ki te tiki i tētahi āhua tika i te mea kei tawhiti te tawhiti o tētahi mea, whakamahia he arotahi he roa te arotahi. Ko ngā arotahi he roa te arotahi he papatahi, he iti ake rānei te piko.
