Ngā Akoranga Ahupūngao Taketake

Hei whakamārama i ngā tukanga thermodynamic kore e taea te hoki whakamuri, i titoa e ngā kaipūtaiao te ture tuarua o te thermodynamics. E whakamārama ana te ture tuarua o te thermodynamics i ngā tukanga ka taea te puta i te ao whānui, me ngā tukanga kāore e taea te puta. I kī tētahi kaipūtaiao ko RJE Clausius (1822-1888) i tēnei kōrero:

I te āhua tūturu, ka neke te wera mai i ngā mea pāmahana teitei ki ngā mea pāmahana iti; i te āhua tūturu, kāore te wera e neke mai i ngā mea pāmahana iti ki ngā mea pāmahana teitei (Te ture tuarua o te thermodynamics—te kōrero a Clausius).

Ko te kōrero a Clausius tētahi o ngā kōrero motuhake o te ture tuarua o te thermodynamics. Ka kiia he kōrero motuhake nā te mea e pā ana ki tētahi tukanga anake, e pā ana ki te whakawhiti wera. Nā te mea kāore tēnei kōrero e pā ana ki ētahi atu tukanga, me whai kōrero whānui ake tātou. Ko te whakawhanaketanga o tētahi kōrero whānui o te ture tuarua o te thermodynamics e ahu mai ana i te ako i ngā miihini wera. Nō reira, ka matapakihia e tātou te wera o te miihini i te tuatahi.

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Ngā tukanga whakamahana tuhinga: Isothermal Adiabatic Isochoric Isobaric

E whā ngā tukanga thermodynamic, arā, ko te isothermal, te isochoric, te isobaric me te adiabatic.

Tukanga Isothermal (pāmahana pumau)

I roto i tētahi tukanga isothermal, ka mau tonu te pāmahana o te pūnaha. I roto i te ariā, he hau pai te pūnaha kua tātarihia. He rite tonu te pāmahana hau pai ki te pūngao hau ā-roto pai (U = 3/2 n RT). Kāore a T e rerekē, nō reira kāore hoki a U e rerekē. Nō reira, ki te whakamahia ki te tukanga isothermal, ka noho te ture tuatahi o te whārite thermodynamic:

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Te tukanga whakamahana

Ko te wera (Q) te pūngao e neke ana mai i tētahi mea ki tētahi atu nā te rerekētanga o te pāmahana. Mō ngā pūnaha me ngā taiao, ko te wera he pūngao e neke ana mai i tētahi pūnaha ki tētahi taiao, he pūngao rānei e neke ana mai i tētahi taiao ki tētahi pūnaha, nā te rerekētanga o te pāmahana. Mena he teitei ake te pāmahana o te pūnaha i te pāmahana o te taiao, ka rere te wera mai i te pūnaha ki te taiao. Mena he teitei ake te pāmahana o te taiao i te pāmahana o te pūnaha, ka rere te wera mai i te taiao ki te pūnaha.

Ko te wera (Q) he pūngao e neke ana nā te rerekētanga o te pāmahana, engari ko te mahi (W) e pā ana ki te whakawhiti pūngao mā te mahi. Hei tauira, ki te mahi te pūnaha ki te taiao, ka neke te pūngao mai i te pūnaha ki te taiao. I tetahi atu taha, ki te mahi te taiao ki te pūnaha, ka neke te pūngao mai i te taiao ki te pūnaha.

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Ngā Tukinga Kore-whakapūmau

Kāore e pā te ture tiaki pūngao nekeneke ki ngā tukinga kore-whakapūmau. Ka pā te ture tiaki o te nekehanga ki ngā tukinga kore-whakapūmau mēnā kāore he kaha o waho e pā ki ngā mea e rua e tukinga ana. I roto i te tukinga kore-whakapūmau, ka piri ngā mea e rua tetahi ki tetahi, ka piri rānei tetahi ki tetahi i muri i te tukinga.

Tauira pātai 1.

E rua ngā mea he rite te taumaha, arā, 1 kg. Ka neke te mea 1 i runga i te papa papatahi i te tere o te 10 m/s, ā, ka tukinga ki te mea tuarua e takoto kau ana. I muri i te tukinga, ka piri tahi ngā mea e rua. He aha te tere o ngā mea e rua i muri i te tukinga?

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Ngā tukinga ā-wāhanga

I roto i ngā tukinga ā-wāhanga elastic, ka whai mana te ture tiaki o te nekehanga, engari kāore e whai mana te ture tiaki o te pūngao nekeneke. I te wā e puta ai he tukinga, ka hurihia ētahi pūngao nekeneke hei pūngao oro, hei pūngao wera, hei pūngao ā-roto hoki. Ko te whakamahinga o te kupu elastic e tohu ana i muri i te tukinga, kāore ngā mea e rua e piri tahi engari e pekepeke atu.

Ko tētahi tauira o te tukinga ngāwari ā-wāhanga ko te tukinga kotahi-ahu o ngā māpere e rua, o ngā pōro puna kaukau rānei e rua.

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Te tiakitanga o te nekehanga raina

E mea ana te ture tiaki i te nekehanga rārangi, ki te kore he kaha o waho e pā ana ki ngā mea e rua e tukinga ana, ka ōrite te nekehanga o ngā mea i mua i te tukinga ki te nekehanga o ngā mea i muri i te tukinga.

p ₁ + p ₂ = p ₁ ' + p ₂ ' ………………….. Whārite 1.4

m ₁ v ₁ + m ₂ v ₂ = m ₁ v ₁ ' + m ₂ v ₂ '

Ki te piri ngā mea e rua i muri i te tukinga,

m ₁ v ₁ + m ₂ v ₂ = (m ₁ + m ₂ ) v'

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Ngā tukinga tino ngāwari

Ka kiia te tukinga o ngā mea e rua he tukinga tino pīwariwari mēnā he ōrite te nekehanga, te pūngao nekeneke rānei o ia mea i mua i te tukinga ki te nekehanga me te pūngao nekeneke o ia mea i muri i te tukinga. Arā, ka tika te ture tiaki nekehanga me te ture tiaki pūngao nekeneke i roto i ngā tukinga tino pīwariwari. Ko te whakamahinga o te kupu pīwariwari e tohu ana i muri i te tukinga, kāore ngā mea e rua e piri tahi, kāore rānei e piri tetahi ki tetahi, engari ka peke atu. Ka tiakina te nekehanga o ia mea.

Ka tiakina te nekehanga o ia mea.

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Te kaupapa mahi-pūngao mīhini

E mea ana te ariā pūngao mahi-nekeneke he rite te mahi kupenga, te mahi rānei i mahia e te kaha kupenga, ki te huringa o te pūngao nekeneke.

W _kupenga = KI _t – KI _o = 1⁄2 m(v _t ² – v _o ² )

W _kupenga = E rua ngā momo kaha, arā, te kaha pūmau, me te kaha kore-pūmau. Nō reira, ka taea te kī ko te mahi kupenga kei roto ko te mahi i mahia e te kaha pūmau me te mahi i mahia e te kaha kore-pūmau.

W _c + W _nc = ΔKE

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Te mahi i mahia e ngā kaha pūmau Te pūngao pūmanawa

Mātakihia tētahi mea e neke poutū ana ki runga, kātahi ka hoki ki tōna tūranga tīmatanga i muri i te ekenga ki te teitei mōrahi. Ina neke poutū te mea ki runga, ka mahi kino te taumaha ki runga i te mea. Ina neke ake te mea, ka piki te teitei o te mea. Nō reira, ka piki anō hoki te kaha pūmanawa ā-papa o te mea. Ka taea te whakatau ko te mahi kino e mahia ana e te taumaha he rite ki te pikinga o te kaha pūmanawa ā-papa o te mea (PE).

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Te ope tiaki me te ope kore tiaki

1. Te Rōpū Tiaki

1.1 Taumaha (w)

Mātakihia tētahi mea e neke poutū ana ki runga kia tae rā anō ki tōna teitei mōrahi i mua i te neke ki raro ki tōna tūranga tīmatanga. Ina neke poutū ana ki runga mā te h, he rerekē te ahunga o te taumaha i tōna nekehanga. Nō reira, ka mahi kino te taumaha ki runga i te mea. 

W = wh (cos 180 ^o ) = – wh = – mgh

Kia eke ki te teitei mōrahi, ka neke te mea ki raro ki tōna tūranga tīmatanga mā te h. Ina neke ki raro, ka rite te ahunga o te taumaha ki te nekehanga. Nā te mea kei te rite te ahunga ki te nekehanga, ka mahi pai te taumaha.

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