Ngā Painga o te Ariā Ōhanga Keynesian
Ko te ariā ōhanga Keynesian, i whakawhanakehia e John Maynard Keynes i ngā tau 1930, kua noho hei tētahi o ngā ariā ōhanga tino whai mana i roto i te hītori. I roto i tana pukapuka rongonui, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936), i whakaarohia e Keynes ngā ariā hurihuri i huri i tō tātou māramatanga ki te ōhanga whānui me te mahi mākete. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā kaha o te ariā ōhanga Keynesian me te take e mau tonu ai tōna hiranga i roto i te tātari ōhanga i ēnei rā.
1. Te Urupare ki te Raruraru Ōhanga
Ko tētahi o ngā painga matua o te ariā Keynesian ko tōna kaha ki te whakarato otinga mō ngā raruraru o ngā hokinga whakamuri me ngā pōuri ohanga. I mua i te taenga mai o te ariā Keynesian, i whakaarohia ka eke te ōhanga ki te taurite i a ia anō. Heoi, i whakaatuhia e te Pōuri Nui o te tekau tau atu i 1930 ka taea e ngā ōhanga te mauheretia i roto i tētahi huringa hekenga e haere tonu ana. I tautohe a Keynes ina iti te tono whānui (te whakakotahitanga o te kai, te haumi, te whakapaunga a te kāwanatanga, me ngā kaweake kupenga), me wawao te kāwanatanga ki te whakanui ake i te whakapaunga me te whakaoho i te tipu o te ōhanga. Mā tēnei huarahi ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga te mahi i ngā mahi matatau hei ārai me te whakatika i ngā raruraru ōhanga.
2. Te tohatoha ōrite o te oranga
E whakanui ana te ariā Keynesian i te hiranga o te kāwanatanga ki te whakatutuki i tētahi tohatoha moni whiwhi tika ake. E tautoko ana te Keynesianism i ngā kaupapa oranga hapori, ngā whakapaunga a te kāwanatanga e aro ana ki te mātauranga, te hauora, me ngā hanganga, me ngā kaupapa here taake ahu whakamua. Ko te whāinga o ēnei katoa he whakapai ake i te oranga hapori, he whakaiti i te kore taurite o te ōhanga, me te whakarite kia tae atu ngā hua o te tipu ōhanga ki tētahi hunga whānui. He wāhanga nui tēnei o te waihanga i tētahi hapori e piripono ana, e pumau ana hoki.
3. Te aro nui ki ngā whakapaunga a te Kāwanatanga
Ina pāngia te rāngai tūmataiti e te hekenga o te haumitanga me te whakapaunga moni, ka taea e te kāwanatanga te whakau i te ōhanga mā te whakapiki ake i te whakapaunga moni a te iwi. Hei tauira, ko te whakapaunga moni a te kāwanatanga ki ngā kaupapa hanganga, ehara i te mea ka waihanga mahi mō te wā poto anake, engari ka whakapai ake hoki i te whai huatanga o te ōhanga mō te wā roa. Ko ngā kaupapa hanganga nui pēnei i ngā rori, ngā piriti, me ngā waka a te iwi ka whakapiki ake i te hua me te tipu ōhanga whānui.
4. Kaupapahere Pūtea hei Taputapu Whakapūmau
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Keynes ko tana whakanui i te whakamahinga o te kaupapa here pūtea hei taputapu whakaū i te ōhanga. Ka taea e te kāwanatanga te whakanui ake i te whakapaunga me te whakaheke i ngā taake i ngā wā o te hinganga ohaoha hei whakaoho i te tipu ōhanga, ā, i tua atu, ka taea te whakaiti i te whakapaunga me te whakapiki i ngā taake i ngā wā o te pikinga o te ōhanga hei ārai i te wera nui o te ōhanga. Mā te kaupapa here pūtea e whakahaeretia pai ana ka taea e te kāwanatanga te whakahaere i ngā huringa ōhanga me te karo i ngā piki me ngā heke nui.
5. Te Taunekeneke o te Kaupapahere Pūtea me te Kaupapahere Pūtea
E whakaatu ana hoki te ariā Keynesian i te hiranga o te taunekeneke i waenga i te kaupapa here moni me te kaupapa here tahua. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, ka whakahaerehia e ngā peeke pokapū te pikinga o te utu me te awe i ngā reiti huamoni mā roto i te kaupapa here moni. Heoi, i roto i ngā āhuatanga e tata ana ngā reiti huamoni ki te kore (e puta pinepine ana i ngā wā o te hinganga nui), ka taea te whakaiti i te whai huatanga o te kaupapa here moni. I roto i ēnei āhuatanga, ka noho ko te kaupapa here tahua te mea nui hei whakaoho i te tono whānui me te neke i te ōhanga mai i te hinganga o te utu.
6. Te wikitoria i te kore mahi
He raruraru noa te kore mahi i roto i ngā ōhanga mākete. I tautohe a Keynes, tera pea ka noho teitei tonu ngā reiti kore mahi me te kore e wawao te kāwanatanga. Nā te mea ka whakaitihia te tono whānui mā te whakaiti i te kai a ngā whare e manukanuka ana mō te heke mai, me te koretake o ngā kamupene mō ngā hua. Ka taea e te wawao a te kāwanatanga mā roto i ngā kaupapa mahi tūmatanui, mā ngā tautoko rānei, te āwhina i te whakaiti i te kore mahi, me te whakatenatena i te iwi kia hoki ki te mākete mahi.
7. Te Hiranga i roto i te Kaupapa Here Ōhanga o ēnei rā
Ahakoa i whakawhanakehia te ariā Keynesian tata ki te rau tau ki muri, he mea nui tonu ngā mātāpono taketake. Ko te raruraru pūtea o te ao i te tau 2008 tētahi tauira tata nei o ngā mātāpono Keynesian e whakamahia ana. I whakatinanahia e ngā kāwanatanga o te ao ngā kaupapa here whakaoho pūtea nui hei ārai i te ohanga o te ao kei taka ki roto i te pouri nui. Nā ēnei kete whakaoho i āwhina ki te pupuri i te pumau o te ohanga o te ao, me te whakatere i te whakaoranga o te ohanga.
8. Te Urutau i roto i ngā Āhuatanga Ōhanga Rerekē
Ko tētahi atu painga o te ariā Keynesian ko tōna ngāwari. Ka taea te whakarerekē ki ngā āhuatanga ōhanga me ngā āhuatanga o te motu. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā whenua whakawhanake e pāngia ana e ngā wero hanganga te whakamahi i ngā māramatanga Keynesian hei whakatenatena i te whakapau moni a te kāwanatanga ki ngā hanganga hei whakatere i te whanaketanga ōhanga. I tetahi atu taha, ka taea e ngā whenua whakawhanake e pāngia ana e te hekenga o te taupori te whakamahi i ngā kaupapa here Keynesian hei whakatairanga i te haumi ki te auahatanga me te hangarau hei whakapiki ake i te hua.
9. Te Arotake me te Whakahou i te Ariā Matarohia
I whakapono te ariā tawhito ki te laissez-faire me ngā mākete kore utu ka taea te whakatutuki i te taurite me te kore he wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga. I whakahē te kaupapa Keynesian i tēnei tirohanga, me te kī kāore te ōhanga e eke aunoa ki te taurite tino pai. He mea nui te tono whānui ki te whakatau i ngā taumata putanga me te mahi. Nā tēnei arotake i whakatakoto te ara mō tētahi māramatanga hou ki te ōhanga he mea pono ake, he mea tika hoki ki ngā horopaki o te ao tūturu.
10. Te Whakawhanaketanga o te Ariā Ōhanga Hou
Kua noho te ariā Keynesian hei tūāpapa mō te whanaketanga o ngā ariā ōhanga whānui. He maha ngā tohunga ōhanga o ēnei rā kua whakawhanake, kua whakakotahi hoki i ngā tirohanga Keynesian me ētahi atu ariā hei waihanga i ngā kura whakaaro hou, pērā i te Ōhanga Keynesian Hou. E ngana ana tēnei huarahi ki te whakakotahi i ngā ōhanga whānui Keynesian me ngā ōhanga moroiti neoclassical, ka hua ake he tauira whānui ake, ā, he tauira e tika ana mō te tātari kaupapa here ōhanga o ēnei rā.
11. Te Whakahaere i ngā Pānga Ōhanga o te Mate Urutā COVID-19
Nō nā tata nei, kua whakaatuhia e te mate urutā COVID-19 te hiranga o te ariā Keynesian i roto i tētahi raruraru ā-ao. He maha ngā whenua kua tango i ngā kaupapa here whakaongaonga pūtea nui hei tautoko i ngā pakihi me ngā whare kua pāngia kinotia e te mate urutā. Ko te whakapaunga nui a te kāwanatanga hei aro atu ki ngā raruraru hauora me te ōhanga kua noho hei tikanga nui hei pupuri i te pumau ōhanga. Ko te Keynesianism he anga tino whai tikanga hei aro atu ki ngā pānga ōhanga o te mate urutā ā-ao.
Whakamutunga
He maha ngā painga o te ariā ōhanga Keynesian, tae atu ki tōna kaha ki te aro atu ki ngā raruraru ōhanga, ki te whakatairanga i te tohatoha tika o te rawa, ki te whakamahi i te kaupapa here pūtea hei taputapu whakatau, me tōna hiranga ki te aro atu ki ngā take ōhanga o ēnei rā. Ahakoa i whakawhanakehia tata ki te rautau ki muri, kei te whai tikanga tonu ngā mātāpono taketake o te ariā, ā, kei te whakamahia tonutia i ēnei rā. Nā tōna ngāwari me tōna ngāwari ki te urutau, kei te noho tonu te ariā Keynesian hei tūāpapa nui mō te tātari me te kaupapa here ōhanga o te ao.
