Te Pūtake o te Ōhanga a te Iwi
Ko te ōhanga a te iwi e pā ana ki tētahi pūnaha ōhanga e whakatairanga ana i te oranga o te hapori whānui, inā koa ko te hunga o te taumata taketake. I roto i tēnei pūnaha, ka mahi tahi te kāwanatanga me te hapori ki te waihanga i tētahi tipu whānui me te taurite, me te arotahi ki te whakaiti i te rawakore, te whakamana i ngā pakihi iti, pakihi iti, me te rahi, me te tohatoha tika ake o te taonga. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā taketake o te ōhanga a te iwi, ōna mātāpono matua, me tōna whakatinanatanga i roto i ngā whenua maha, tae atu ki Initonīhia.
Ngā Ariā Taketake o te Ōhanga a te Iwi
I puta ake te ōhanga ā-iwi i te mōhiotanga kāore e taea e te tipu ōhanga e pai ana ki ētahi rōpū anake te waihanga i te oranga pumau mō te katoa. I roto i tēnei pūnaha ōhanga, he ōrite te whai wāhitanga o ia tangata ki te whai wāhi atu ki ngā mahi ōhanga me te whai hua mai i aua mahi.
Ko te kī ki te ōhanga o te iwi ko te whakaurunga. Ko te whāinga o te ōhanga o te iwi kia whai wāhi te katoa, ahakoa ō rātou āhua pāpori me ō rātou ōhanga , ki ngā rauemi, mātauranga, hauora, me ngā whai wāhitanga mahi. Mā tēnei, ka whai wāhi pai te ōhanga o te iwi ki te whakaiti i te rawakore me te whakaiti i te kore taurite pāpori.
Ngā Mātāpono o te Ōhanga a te Iwi
He maha ngā mātāpono matua hei tūāpapa mō te whakatinanatanga o te ōhanga a te iwi:
1. Te Tika Hapori: Ko te whāinga o te ōhanga a te iwi he waihanga i tētahi tohatoha tika ake o te taonga puta noa i ngā taumata katoa o te hapori. Ka tutuki tēnei mā roto i ngā tikanga tohatoha anō pērā i te taake ahu whakamua, ngā tautoko, me ngā kaupapa haumaru hapori.
2. Te Whai Wāhitanga o te Hapori: Ko ngā hapori te kaupapa matua o te whanaketanga ōhanga. He mea nui te whai wāhi kaha o te hapori ki te whakamahere me te whakatinanatanga o ngā kaupapa here ōhanga kia tutuki ai ngā hiahia o ēnei kaupapa here.
3. Te whakamana i ngā pakihi iti me ngā pakihi iti (MSME): Me tautoko ngā pakihi iti me ngā pakihi iti (MSME) i roto i tētahi ōhanga whānui, nā te mea he mahi nui tā rātou ki te waihanga mahi me te whakapiki i ngā whiwhinga moni. Ko ngā kaupapa nama iti, te whakangungu pūkenga, me te āwhina hangarau ētahi o ngā huarahi hei whakapakari i tēnei rāngai.
4. Te Oranga Taiao: Kaua te whanaketanga ōhanga e kino ki te taiao. Ka akiaki te ōhanga a te iwi i ngā mahi oranga pēnei i te ahuwhenua rauropi, te whakamahinga o te pūngao hou, me te whakahaere whakaaro nui i ngā rauemi taiao.
Te Whakatinanatanga o te Ōhanga a te Iwi i ngā Whenua Rerekē
Kua whakatinanahia te ōhanga ā-iwi i roto i ngā whenua maha, he āhuatanga motuhake tō ia whenua. Anei ētahi tauira:
1. Indonesia
He roa te hītori o Indonesia mō te ariā o te ōhanga iwi, mai i te wā o Sukarno ki te wā o te Reformation. He maha ngā kaupapa here kua whakatinanahia e te kāwanatanga o Indonesia hei whakatutuki i te ōhanga iwi, pērā i te kaupapa Nama Pakihi a te Iwi (KUR), e whakarato ana i te urunga ki te pūtea mō ngā pakihi iti me ngā pakihi iti i ngā reiti huamoni iti. I tua atu, kua whakarewahia e te kāwanatanga ngā kaupapa āwhina hapori pērā i te Āwhina Moni Tika (BLT) me te Kaupapa Tumanako Whānau (PKH) hei āwhina i ngā whare iti te moni whiwhi.
Ko ngā hua mai i ngā Pakihi ā-Kāinga (BUMDes) he huarahi anō hoki hei whakatenatena i ngā ōhanga o ngā kāinga kia tū motuhake, kia pakari hoki. Ka āwhina tika ēnei kaupapa ki te whakapai ake i te oranga o ngā hapori o te rohe.
2. Bangladesh
He tauira angitu a Bangladesh mā te tauira Grameen Bank, i whakatūria e Muhammad Yunus. He umanga pūtea iti a Grameen Bank e whakarato ana i ngā nama iti ki te hunga rawakore, kāore he taunaha. Ko tēnei tauira e aro ana ki ngā wāhine taiwhenua kāore e taea te uru atu ki ngā umanga pūtea tuku iho.
Nā te mea i pērā ai, kua mawhiti mai ngā mano tini o te tangata i Bangladesh i te rawakore mā roto i ngā pakihi iti i tīmatahia e rātou nā ēnei pūtea iti. Ko te angitu o te Peeke Grameen ehara i te mea ko te nui o te whiwhinga moni pai a ngā hapori anake, engari ko te pikinga ake o te whai wāhi hapori me te whakapono ki a ia anō o ngā wāhine i Bangladesh.
3. Parahi
I Brazil, ko te kaupapa pāpori "Bolsa Familia" he tauira tino whai hua o te ōhanga e aro ana ki te tangata. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei kaupapa he āwhina moni ki ngā whānau rawakore, mena ka whakarite rātou kia haere ā rātou tamariki ki te mātauranga tuatahi me te tirotiro hauora i ia wā.
Kua tino whakaitihia te rawakore i Brazil e tēnei kaupapa. Mā ngā āhuatanga o te kaupapa ka whakarite kia kore noa e arohia ngā raruraru poto e te āwhina e tukuna ana, engari ka haumi hoki ki te heke mai o ngā tamariki e whiwhi ana.
Ngā Wero me ngā Huarahi
Ahakoa ōna painga maha, ehara i te mea kāore he wero mō te whakatinanatanga o tētahi ōhanga e ahu mai ana i te tangata. Hei tauira, i Indonesia, he maha ngā wā ka āraihia te whakatinanatanga o ngā kaupapa e ahu mai ana i te hapori e te uaua o te tari whakahaere me te iti o te kaha o ngā kāwanatanga ā-rohe. Hei tāpiri, ko te pirau me te koretake o te whakahaere i ngā pūtea pāpori he arai anō hoki me aro atu.
Heoi anō, he nui rawa ngā whai wāhitanga mō te whakawhanake i tētahi ōhanga e aro ana ki te tangata. Ko te ao matihiko me te Whā o ngā Huringa Ahumahi (4.0) e whakarato ana i ngā whai wāhitanga hou hei whakapiki i te urunga atu ki ngā mōhiohio me te hangarau. Ka taea e ngā tūāpapa hokohoko ipurangi me te hangarau pūtea te whai wāhi nui ki te tautoko i ngā pakihi iti me te hunga rawakore ki te whai wāhi atu ki te ōhanga matihiko. Ko te whānui ake o te urunga atu ki te ipurangi me ngā kaupapa mātauranga matihiko he mea nui ki te whakamana i ngā hapori ki te whai wāhi atu ki te ōhanga hou.
Whakamutunga
Mā te ōhanga ā-iwi ka tukuna he otinga whānui, pumau hoki mō ngā raruraru pāpori me te ōhanga maha e pā ana ki ngā whenua whakawhanake. Mā te whakatairanga i te oranga o te iwi, ehara i te mea ka puta noa te tipu ōhanga i te ōhanga ā-iwi, engari ka whakarite hoki kia rongohia tēnei tipu e ngā taumata katoa o te hapori.
Ko te whakatinanatanga whai hua e hiahiatia ana te whai wāhi mai o ngā rōpū katoa, tae atu ki te kāwanatanga, te rāngai tūmataiti, ā, ko te mea nui rawa atu, ko te hapori tonu. Me wikitoria ngā wero o nāianei pēnei i te mahi tari me te pirau kia tino whai hua ai ngā kaupapa here ōhanga e aro ana ki te tangata, ā, kia whai hua ai hoki ki te hapori whānui. Nō reira, ko te turanga o tētahi ōhanga e aro ana ki te tangata ehara i te mea he tirohanga noa iho, engari he mea tūturu e āhei ai te waihanga i tētahi hapori tika, whai rawa ake.
