Me pēhea te tatau i te ngāwari: He aratohu katoa
He ariā nui te ngāwari o te tau i roto i te ōhanga e ine ana i te urupare o tētahi taurangi ki ngā panonitanga o tētahi atu. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei kupu i roto i ngā horopaki ōhanga maha, pērā i te ngāwari o te tono, te ngāwari o te tuku, me te ngāwari o te moni whiwhi. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga te huarahi ki te tatau i te ngāwari me tōna whakamahinga i roto i ngā horopaki ōhanga maha.
Te Mārama ki te Āhuahira
Ko te ngāwari he ine i te tairongo o tētahi taurangi ōhanga ki ngā huringa o tētahi atu taurangi. I roto i te pāngarau, ko te ngāwari te mea e tautuhia ana ko te ōrau huringa o tētahi taurangi i puta mai i te ōrau huringa o tētahi atu taurangi. Ka taea e te ngāwari te noho pai, te noho kino rānei, i runga i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi e rua.
Ngā momo o te ngāwari
He maha ngā momo o te ngāwari e kōrerohia ana i roto i te ōhanga:
1. Te Āhuatanga o te Utu o te Tono (PED) – E ine ana i te urupare o te nui o ngā taonga e tonoa ana ki ngā panonitanga o te utu o aua taonga.
2. Te Āhuatanga o te Utu o te Tuku (PES) – E ine ana i te urupare o te nui o ngā taonga e tukuna ana ki ngā panonitanga o te utu.
3. Te Āhuatanga o te Tono Moni Whiwhi (YED) – E ine ana i te urupare o te tono ki ngā panonitanga o te moni whiwhi a te kaihoko.
4. Te Āhuatanga Whakawhiti o te Hiahia (CED) – E ine ana i te urupare o te tono mō tētahi taonga ki ngā panonitanga o te utu o tētahi atu taonga.
Te Tātai Whānui mō te Tatau i te Āhuatanga
Mō ia momo ngāwari, ko te tātai whānui ko:
\[ E = \frac{\%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Rahinga}}{\%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Taurangi Taketake}} \]
Dimana:
– Ko te ngāwari o te \( E \).
– \% Ko te Huringa o te Rahinga te ōrau huringa o te nui e tonoa ana, e tukuna ana rānei.
– \% Ko te huringa o te Taurangi Taketake ka taea te utu, te moni whiwhi, te utu rānei o tētahi atu taonga.
Me pēhea te tatau i te ngāwari o te utu o te tono
Ka tatauhia te ngāwari o te utu o te tono mā te whakamahi i te tātai:
\[ PED = \left| \frac{\%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Rahinga} }{ \%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Utu}} \right| \]
Anei ngā mahi:
1. Tātaihia te Huringa o te Rahinga: Tangohia te rahinga taketake mai i te rahinga hou, kātahi ka wehea te rerekētanga ki te rahinga taketake. Kātahi, whakareatia ki te 100 hei whiwhi i te ōrau.
\[ \%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Rahinga} = \frac{\text{Rahinga Hou} – \text{Rahinga Tuatahi}}{\text{Rahinga Tuatahi}} \whakareatia ki te 100 \]
2. Tātaihia te Huringa Utu: Tangohia te utu taketake mai i te utu hou, wehea te rerekētanga ki te utu taketake, ka whakareatia ki te 100.
\[ \%\ \text{Hurihanga Utu} = \frac{\text{Utu Hou} – \text{Utu Taketake}}{\text{Utu Taketake}} \whakareatia ki te 100 \]
3. Whakauruhia ki te Tātai PED:
\[ PED = \left| \frac{\%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Rahinga} }{ \%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Utu}} \right| \]
Tauira:
Mena ka piki te utu o ngā taonga mai i te Rp. 100.000 ki te Rp. 120.000, ā, ka heke te rahinga e hiahiatia ana mai i te 50 ki te 40, kāti:
\[ \%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Rahinga} = \frac{40 – 50}{50} \times 100 = -20\% \]
\[ \%\ \text{Hurihanga Utu} = \frac{120.000 – 100.000}{100.000} \whakareatia ki te 100 = 20\% \]
\[ PED = \left| \frac{-20}{20} \right| = 1 \]
Me pēhea te tatau i te ngāwari o te tuku
Ka tatauhia te ngāwari o te tuku utu mā te whakamahi i tētahi tātai tata rite ki te PED:
\[ PES = \left| \frac{\%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Rahinga i Tukuna}}{\%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Utu}} \right| \]
Ngā Hipanga:
1. Tātaihia te panonitanga o te rahinga i tukuna mai i mua.
2. Tātaihia te huringa utu pērā i mua.
3. Whakauruhia ki te tātai PES.
Me pēhea te tatau i te pikinga o te hiahia mō te moni whiwhi
Ka tatauhia te ngāwari o te tono moni whiwhi mā te whakamahi i te tātai:
\[ YED = \left| \frac{\%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Rahinga e Tonoa ana}}{\%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Whiwhinga Moni}} \right| \]
Ngā kaupae:
1. Tātaihia te Huringa o te Rahinga e ai ki ngā kaupae i roto i te PED.
2. Tātaihia te Huringa o te Whiwhinga Moni: Tangohia te whiwhinga moni tuatahi mai i te whiwhinga moni hou, wehea te rerekētanga ki te whiwhinga moni tuatahi, ka whakareatia ki te 100.
\[ \%\ \text{Huringa Whiwhinga} = \frac{\text{Whiwhinga Hou} – \text{Whiwhinga Tuatahi}}{\text{Whiwhinga Tuatahi}} \whakareatia ki te 100 \]
3. Whakauruhia ki te Tātai YED:
\[ YED = \left| \frac{\%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Rahinga} }{ \%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Whiwhinga Moni}} \right| \]
Tauira:
Mena ka piki te moni whiwhi a te kaihoko mai i te Rp. 10.000.000 ki te Rp. 12.000.000, ā, ka piki te rahinga e hiahiatia ana mō tētahi taonga mai i te 40 waeine ki te 50 waeine, kāti:
\[ \%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Rahinga} = \frac{50 – 40}{40} \times 100 = 25\% \]
\[ \%\ \text{Huringa Whiwhinga} = \frac{12.000.000 – 10.000.000}{10.000.000} \whakareatia ki te 100 = 20\% \]
\[ ĀE = \left| \frac{25}{20} \right| = 1,25 \]
Me pēhea te tatau i te ngāwari whakawhiti o te tono
Ka tatauhia te ngāwari whakawhiti o te tono mā te whakamahi i te tātai:
\[ CED = \left| \frac{\%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Rahinga e Hiahiatia ana mō te Taonga X}}{\%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Utu o te Taonga Y}} \right| \]
Ngā kaupae:
1. Tātaihia te Huringa o te Rahinga (o te tūemi X) kia rite ki ngā kaupae i roto i te PED.
2. Tātaihia te Huringa Utu (taonga Y) kia rite ki ngā mahi i roto i te PED.
3. Whakauruhia ki te Tātai CED:
\[ CED = \left| \frac{\%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Rahinga o te Taonga X}}{\%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Utu o te Taonga Y}} \right| \]
Tauira:
Mena ka piki te utu o te taonga Y mai i te Rp. 50.000 ki te Rp. 60.000, ā, ka piki te rahinga e hiahiatia ana mō te taonga X mai i te 30 waeine ki te 35 waeine, kāti:
\[ \%\ \text{Hurihanga o te Rahinga o te Taonga X} = \frac{35 – 30}{30} \times 100 = 16,67\% \]
\[ \%\ \text{Te Huringa o te Utu o te Taonga Y} = \frac{60.000 – 50.000}{50.000} \times 100 = 20\% \]
\[ CED = \left| \frac{16,67}{20} \right| = 0,83 \]
Te Whakamāramatanga o te Āhuatanga
Ka tatauhia te ngāwari hei uara tuturu, engari he maha ngā huarahi e taea ai te whakamārama i ngā hua:
1. Āhuatanga (>1): He ōrau nui o te panonitanga o te taurangi e tonoa ana, e tukuna ana rānei hei whakautu i te panonitanga o te taurangi take. Hei tauira, mēnā ko te PED = 2, mā te panonitanga 10% o te utu ka huri te rahinga e hiahiatia ana mā te 20%.
2. Kore-whakapūmau (<1): He iti ake te aro, arā, he iti noa te ōrau o te panoni i roto i te taurangi e tonoa ana, e tukuna ana rānei ahakoa he panoni nui i roto i te taurangi take. Hei tauira, mēnā ko te PED = 0,5, ko te panoni 10% o te utu ka huri noa i te rahinga e tonoa ana mā te 5%. 3. Te Āhua Whakapūmau (1): Ka pā te panoni utu ki te rahinga e tonoa ana, e tukuna ana rānei i roto i te ōwehenga ōrite. Hei tauira, ko te PED = 1 te tikanga ko te panoni 10% o te utu ka puta he panoni 10% o te rahinga e tonoa ana. Whakamutunga He taputapu tino nui te āhua whakapūmau i roto i te tātari i ngā momo nekehanga i roto i te ōhanga. Mā te mārama ki te tatau i ngā momo āhua o te āhua whakapūmau, ahakoa he āhua whakapūmau utu o te tono, he āhua whakapūmau utu o te tuku, he āhua whakapūmau moni whiwhi o te tono, he āhua whakawhiti rānei, ka taea e tātou te aromatawai tika ake i te urupare a te mākete ki ngā panoni o ētahi taurangi. He tino whai hua tēnei mōhiotanga i roto i te whakatau ōhanga, i te taumata takitahi me te taumata whakahaere, ā, ka taea te whakarato i ngā māramatanga hohonu ake ki te mahi a ngā mākete.
