Hanganga Mākete Oligopoly
Ko te mākete oligopoly tētahi o ngā hanganga mākete e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i ngā ōhanga o ēnei rā. Ko te āhuatanga o tēnei hanganga ko te noho mai o ētahi kamupene nui e whakahaere ana i te mākete, ā, he nui te awe ki ngā utu hua me te putanga. Mō ngā kaipūtea me ngā kaipakihi , ko te mārama ki te āhua me ngā hihiri o ngā oligopoly te mea nui ki te mārama ki te mahi me te whanaketanga o ngā ahumahi rerekē. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te whakamāramatanga, ngā āhuatanga, ngā tauira, me ngā pānga o te hanganga mākete oligopoly.
Te Mārama ki ngā Mākete Oligopoly
I ahu mai te kupu "Oligopoly" i te kupu Kariki, ko tōna tikanga "e whakahaerehia ana e te tokoiti." I roto i te ōhanga, ko te "oligopoly" he hanganga mākete e whakahaerehia ana te nuinga o te wāhanga mākete e ētahi umanga nui. He rerekē tēnei ki te "monopoly", e kotahi anake te kaihoko, he mākete whakataetae tino pai rānei , e whakataetae noa ana te tini o ngā kaihoko.
Ka taea e ngā umanga i roto i te mākete oligopoly te tuku hua ōrite, pērā i te umanga hinu me te hau, ngā hua rerekē rānei, pērā i te umanga motuka me te hikohiko. Ahakoa he iti te maha o ngā umanga i roto i te mākete oligopoly, he nui tō rātou awe ki te whakatau i ngā utu me ngā rahinga whakaputa.
Ngā Āhuatanga o te Mākete Oligopoly
Anei ētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua o te mākete oligopoly:
1. Tokoiti ngā Kaihoko: I roto i te mākete oligopoly, he tokoiti noa iho ngā kamupene nui e whakahaere ana i te mākete. He rerekē tēnei ki te maha o ngā kaihoko i roto i te mākete whakataetae tino pai.
2. Ngā Ārai ki te Whakauru: He nui ngā arai mō ngā kamupene hou ki te tomo ki te mākete. Kei roto i ēnei arai ko ngā utu whakauru teitei, te hangarau uaua, ngā ōhanga tauine , te mana waitohu rānei o ngā kamupene o nāianei.
3. Te whakawhirinakitanga: Ka aro nui ngā umanga i roto i te mākete oligopoly ki ngā mahi me ngā kaupapa here a ō rātou hoa whakataetae. Ka taea e ngā whakataunga utu, putanga, rautaki hokohoko rānei a tētahi umanga te awe i ngā whakataunga a ētahi atu umanga.
4. Whakataetae Kore-Utu: Nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka āwangawanga ngā umanga i roto i ngā oligopolies ki te whai wāhi ki ngā pakanga utu ka kino pea ngā tawhē hua, he nui ake te tūponotanga ka whakataetae rātou mā te kounga hua, te auahatanga, te whakatairanga, me te ratonga kiritaki.
5. Te Mana Whakahaere Utu Iti: Ahakoa he mana mākete tō rātou, kāore e taea e tētahi o ngā kamupene i roto i tētahi oligopoly te whakahaere katoa i ngā utu. Heoi, ka taea e rātou te awe nui i ngā utu.
6. Ngā Hua Taurite, Ngā Hua Rerekē rānei: I roto i ētahi ahumahi kotahi-motuhake, pērā i te hinu me te hau, he āhua ōrite ngā hua e tukuna ana. I taua wā, i roto i ētahi atu ahumahi, pērā i te motuka, ka taea te tino rerekē ngā hua.
Ngā Tauira o ngā Mākete Oligopoly
Ko ētahi tauira o ngā ahumahi e kiia ana he oligopolies ko:
– Ahumahi Waka: Ko te mākete waka o te ao e whakahaerehia ana e ētahi kaitākaro nui pērā i a Toyota, Volkswagen, Ford, me General Motors.
– Ahumahi Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero: I roto i te maha o ngā whenua, ko te mākete whakawhitiwhiti kōrero e whakahaerehia ana e ētahi kamupene nunui e tuku ana i ngā ratonga ōrite.
– Ahumahi Hinu me te Hau: Ko ngā kamupene nunui pēnei i a ExxonMobil, Shell, BP, me Chevron te hunga e whakahaere ana i te nuinga o te mākete pūngao o te ao.
– Ahumahi Rererangi: I roto i te maha o ngā mākete ā-rohe, he torutoru noa iho ngā kamupene rererangi nunui e whakahaere ana i te rāngai.
Te Pānga o te Mākete Oligopoly
He maha ngā pānga o ngā mākete oligopoly, arā, he pai, he kino hoki, ki ngā kaihoko, ki ngā kamupene, me te ōhanga whānui.
Pānga pai
1. Auahatanga me te Rangahau me te Whakawhanaketanga: Nā te nui o ngā moni whiwhi, kei ngā umanga i roto i ngā oligopolies ngā rauemi hei haumi ki te rangahau me te whanaketanga. He maha ngā wā ka hua ake he hua auaha me ngā whakapainga kounga.
2. Ngā Ōhanga Tauine: Ka taea e ngā umanga nui i roto i ngā oligopolies te whakatutuki i ngā ōhanga tauine e āhei ai rātou ki te whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa wāhanga, ka taea te tuku atu i roto i te ahua o ngā utu iti iho ki ngā kaihoko.
3. Te Pūmautanga o te Mākete: Nā te mea he torutoru noa ngā kamupene nunui e whakahaere ana i te mākete, he iti ake te piki me te heke o ngā utu i ērā o te mākete whakataetae tino pai.
Pānga kino
1. Ngā Utu Teitei Ake: I ētahi wā, ko te kore whakataetae ka arahi pea ki ngā utu teitei ake i te mākete whakataetae tino pai.
2. Ngā Ārai ki te Whakauru: He maha ngā wā he nui ngā ārai ki te whakaurunga o ngā mākete Oligopoly, ā, he uaua ki ngā umanga hou te tomo me te whakataetae. Ka taea e tēnei te whakaiti i te hihiri me te auahatanga i te wā roa.
3. Ngā Kātere me te Whakatakotoranga: He tūponotanga kei te mahi tahi ngā kamupene i roto i te oligopoly ki te whakatau i ngā utu, he mea kino tēnei ki ngā kaihoko. Ko tētahi tauira rongonui ko te Whakahaere o ngā Whenua Kaweake Hinu (OPEC), e whakahengia ana i ētahi wā mō āna mahi ki te whakahaere i ngā utu hinu o te ao.
4. Arotahi ki te Whakataetae Kore-Utu: Nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka whakataetae ngā umanga i roto i ngā oligopolies ki te kounga, te whakatairanga, me te auahatanga, he tūponotanga ka aro nui rawa atu rātou ki ēnei āhuatanga, ā, ka warewarehia ngā mahi whakahaere ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu me ngā utu mō ngā kaihoko.
Ngā Āhuatanga me te Whanaketanga o ngā Mākete Oligopoly
Kāore ngā mākete oligopoly e tū pakari, ā, ka taea te huri i runga i ngā momo nekehanga, pērā i ngā huringa hangarau, ngā ture a te kāwanatanga, me ngā au o te mākete. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā ture ārai-whakataetae te akiaki i ngā kamupene nui ki te wehe, ki te whakamutu rānei i ngā mahi ārai-whakataetae.
Ka taea hoki e ngā whanaketanga hangarau te whakarerekē i te huarahi e mahi ai ngā mākete oligopoly. Hei tauira, kua huakina e ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te hangarau mōhiohio ngā whai wāhitanga me ngā wero maha mō te umanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ā, kua akiaki i a rātou ki te auaha tonu.
He mea nui anō hoki ngā au o ngā kaihoko ki te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga o ngā mākete oligopoly. Mā te pikinga ake o te mōhiotanga o ngā kaihoko ki ngā take taiao ka akiaki pea i ngā kamupene i roto i te umanga motuka ki te neke ki te hanga waka hiko. Ko ngā auahatanga hangarau me ngā panonitanga o ngā manakohanga a ngā kaihoko ka akiaki i ngā kamupene i roto i ngā mākete oligopoly ki te whakarerekē i ā rātou rautaki me ngā tauira pakihi.
Whakamutunga
He āhuatanga nui te hanganga mākete oligopoly o te ōhanga hou, e tuku ana i ngā painga me ngā wero. He iti noa ngā kamupene e whakahaere ana i te mākete, ā, he iti noa te whakataetae utu, engari he nui te pūmanawa mō te auahatanga me te haumi ki te rangahau me te whanaketanga. Mā te māramatanga hohonu ki ngā āhuatanga, ngā pānga, me ngā hihiri o ngā mākete oligopoly ka āwhina i ngā kamupene ki te whakatere i ngā wero me te whakamahi i ngā whai wāhitanga i roto i tēnei taiao pakihi uaua.
He mea nui anō hoki te tūranga o ngā kaiwhakahaere kāwanatanga hei whakarite kia noho whakataetae tonu ngā mākete oligopoly, ā, kia kore ai e pā kino ki ngā kaihoko. Mā ngā kaupapa here tika, ka taea te whakapai ake i ngā painga o ngā mākete oligopoly me te kore e ngaro te whai huatanga me te auahatanga e tukuna ana e ētahi atu hanganga mākete.
