Te Hononga i waenganui i te Ōhanga me te Tōrangapū
E rua ngā wāhanga e kore e taea te wehe, arā, te ōhanga me te tōrangapū, e whakatau ana i te ahunga o te whanaketanga o tētahi whenua. He uaua, he hononga hoki te whanaungatanga i waenganui i ngā mea e rua, ā, ka pāngia ngā āhuatanga maha o te hapori. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e mātou te whanaungatanga i waenganui i te ōhanga me te tōrangapū, me te pānga o ā rāua taunekeneke ki ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui, te pumau o te hapori, me te oranga whānui o te hapori.
Pendahuluan
Ka taea te tautuhi i te ōhanga hei ako i te whakaputa, te tohatoha, me te kai i ngā taonga me ngā ratonga. I taua wā, ko te tōrangapū te ako i te kāwanatanga, i ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui, me te tohatoha mana i roto i tētahi whenua. He whāinga kotahi tā rāua, arā, te whakatutuki i te oranga hapori, engari mā roto i ngā huarahi rerekē.
Mana Tōrangapū me te Kaupapa Here Ōhanga
Ko tētahi o ngā momo taunekeneke tino kitea i waenga i te ōhanga me te tōrangapū ko ngā kaupapa here ōhanga i whakatauhia e te kāwanatanga. Ko te kāwanatanga, hei kaipupuri mana tōrangapū, te kawenga mō te whakatau i ngā whakataunga e pā ana ki te pūtea, te moni, te hokohoko, me te maha atu o ngā kaupapa here ōhanga.
1. Kaupapahere Pūtea me te Kaupapahere Moni
Ko te kaupapa here pūtea e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā moni kāwanatanga hei awe i te ōhanga. Mā roto i ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā taake me ngā whakapaunga a te iwi, ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga te whakaoho i te tipu ōhanga, te whakahaere rānei i te pikinga utu. Ko te kaupapa here pūtea, i tētahi atu taha, e pā ana ki te whakahaere i te tuku moni me ngā reiti huamoni e ngā peeke pokapū. He nui te awe o te pumau tōrangapū me ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga e whai mana ana ki ngā kaupapa here e rua.
2. Te Whakahaere me te Whakakore i ngā Ture
E whakaatu ana hoki ngā kaupapa here ture me te whakakore ture i te taunekeneke i waenga i te ōhanga me te tōrangapū. Hei tauira, ko ngā whakataunga ki te whakaiti i ngā ture mō te rāngai peeke, mō te mākete mahi rānei, ka taea te whakatairanga i te tipu ōhanga, engari ko ngā ture pakari ake ka whai pea ki te tiaki i ngā kaihoko, i ngā kaimahi rānei. He maha ngā wā ka whakaatahia e ēnei kaupapa here te whakaaro tōrangapū o te rōpū kāwanatanga.
Te Awe o te Ōhanga ki te Pūmautanga Tōrangapū
Ehara i te mea ko te ao tōrangapū anake te mea e awe ana i te ōhanga, engari he pānga nui anō hoki tō te ōhanga ki te pumau o te ao tōrangapū. He maha ngā wā ka puta te kore whakaae a te marea ki te kāwanatanga i ngā āhuatanga ōhanga ngoikore, ā, ka mutu, ka hua ake te kore pumau o te ao tōrangapū.
1. Te raruraru ōhanga me te hurihanga tōrangapū
He maha ngā tauira i roto i te hītori i puta ai ngā hurihanga, ngā huringa tōrangapū nui rānei nā ngā raruraru ōhanga. Hei tauira, ko te raruraru pūtea o Āhia i te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1990 i ārahi ki te hinganga o ētahi kāwanatanga i te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia, tae atu ki a Initonīhia, i te wā e neke ana mai i te kāwanatanga mana o Suharto ki te wā whakahou.
2. Te Kore Mahi me te Pūmautanga Hapori
Ka taea e ngā reiti kore mahi teitei te arahi ki te kore pumau o te hapori, ā, ko te mutunga iho me aro atu ki te ao tōrangapū. E tumanakohia ana kia waihangahia e ngā kāwanatanga he mahi, ā, ki te kore e pena, ka arahi pea ki ngā whakahē nui me ngā raruraru hapori.
Te Pirau me te Tipu Ōhanga
Ko te pirau tētahi o ngā mea tino nui i roto i te horopaki o te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ōhanga me te tōrangapū. Ka puta te koretake o te ōhanga i te pirau, ka ārai i te tipu, ka whakararu hoki i te whakawhirinaki o te marea ki ngā umanga tōrangapū.
1. Ka ārai te pirau i te haumitanga
Ka puta te koretake o te ture me ngā utu tāpiri mō ngā kaipupuri moni nā te pirau. Nā tēnei ka kore e ātaahua te taiao haumi, ā, ka aukati i te tipu ōhanga. Hei tāpiri, ka pā te pirau ki te tohatoha koretake o ngā rauemi, ka whakatairanga i ngā kaupapa e whai hua ana ki ngā āpiha pirau, kaua ki ngā mea e tino whai hua ana ki te marea.
2. Te Pānga o te Pirau ki ngā Ratonga Tūmatanui
I roto i ngā kāwanatanga pirau, he maha ngā wā ka tohatohahia ngā tahua ratonga tūmatanui me te kore e whai hua, ka whakamahia hē rānei. Ka arahi pea tēnei ki te kounga iti o te mātauranga, te hauora, ngā hanganga, me ētahi atu ratonga tūmatanui. Ko te kore whakaae a te iwi ki tēnei ratonga tūmatanui ngoikore ka waiho hei pūtake o te koretake o te tōrangapū.
Te Tūranga o ngā Whare Wānanga i roto i ngā Taunekeneke Ōhanga me ngā Taunekeneke Tōrangapū
He mahi nui tā ngā umanga pēnei i te ture, te ture whakawā, me ngā peka whakahaere ki te whakatau i te taunekeneke o te ōhanga me te tōrangapū. Mā ngā umanga kaha, mārama hoki ka taea te whakarite i te pumau tonu o te tōrangapū me te ōhanga.
1. Ture
Mā te ture whai mana ka taea e ngā kaupapa here ōhanga kua whakatinanahia te whakarite kia kaua e aro noa ki ngā painga mō te wā poto engari kia whakaarohia hoki ngā pānga mō te wā roa ki te hapori. Mā ngā ture e whakatairanga ana i te māramatanga, te kawenga, me te whai wāhi a te marea ka taea hoki te whakaiti i te pirau me te whakapai ake i te hauora ōhanga whānui.
2. Te Tari Whakawā
He mea nui te mahi a te ture motuhake ki te pupuri i ngā arowhai me ngā taurite i waenga i ngā peka kāwanatanga, me te whakarite hoki i te tika o te whakatinanatanga o te ture. He mea nui tēnei hei waihanga i tētahi taiao pai mō te tipu ōhanga mā te whakarato i te tino pono o te ture mō ngā pakihi me ngā kaipupuri moni.
3. Kaiwhakahaere Matua
Ko ngā kaiwhakahaere matatau te mea nui ki te whakatinanatanga whai hua o ngā kaupapa here. Ko te kaha me te ngākau pono o ngā kaiārahi whakahaere te mea e whakatau ana i te hoahoa me te whakatinanatanga o ngā kaupapa here ōhanga, tae atu ki te āhua o tā rātou urutau ki ngā wero me ngā huringa e puta ana i ngā taumata o te ao me te motu.
Te Ao Whānui: Te Whakapōuri i ngā Rārangi i waenganui i te Ōhanga me te Tōrangapū
I tēnei ao o te ao whānui, kua pōuri haere ngā rohe i waenga i te ōhanga me te tōrangapū. He maha ngā āhuatanga o waho e awehia ana ngā whakataunga a tētahi whenua, pērā i ngā kaupapa here hokohoko o te ao, te haumi ki tāwāhi, me ngā huringa ā-rohe.
1. Hokohoko ā-Ao
Kua piki ake te whakawhirinakitanga ōhanga i waenga i ngā whenua nā te ao whānui. He pānga tika ngā kaupapa here hokohoko o te ao, pērā i ngā taripa me ngā whakaaetanga hokohoko, ki ngā ōhanga ā-rohe. Ka taea e ngā whakataunga tōrangapū a tētahi whenua te whakaoho i ngā tauhohenga mai i ētahi atu whenua, ka hanga i ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū-ōhanga uaua.
2. Te Pūtea ki tāwāhi
He wāhanga nui o te ōhanga o tētahi whenua whakawhanake te haumitanga tika mai i tāwāhi (FDI). Ka taea e ngā kaupapa here tōrangapū e pai ana ki te haumi te kukume mai i te pūtea mai i tāwāhi, ā, mā tēnei ka akiaki i te tipu ōhanga. Heoi, mā te kore pumau o te tōrangapū, ngā kaupapa here koretake rānei e taea te whakararu i ngā kaipupuri moni mai i tāwāhi.
3. Ngā Huringa Ā-Iwi
Ka pāngia hoki ngā kaupapa here ōhanga e ngā āhuatanga ā-rohe, pērā i ngā pakanga ā-rohe, ngā nekehanga ā-iwi rānei. Hei tauira, ka pāngia te pumau o te mākete o te ao me ngā reiti whakawhiti moni e ngā taupatupatu i waenganui i ngā mana nui, tae atu ki ngā whakataunga haumi me ngā whakataunga hokohoko o te ao.
Whakamutunga
He hononga hihiri, he hononga whai pānga hoki tō te ōhanga me te tōrangapū. He mahi nui tā rāua e rua ki te whakatau i te ahunga o te whanaketanga o te whenua, ki te whai pānga ki te pumau o te hapori, me te whakatau i te oranga o ōna tāngata. Ko te kāwanatanga, hei kaipupuri mana tōrangapū, he kawenga nui tāna ki te whakatakoto kaupapa here ōhanga pumau, whānui hoki. I tua atu, he mea nui anō hoki ngā āhuatanga ōhanga pai hei whakarite i te pumau o te tōrangapū.
Nō reira, he mea nui te māramatanga hōhonu ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ōhanga me te tōrangapū, mō ngā kaihanga kaupapa here me te marea whānui, kia puta ai he otinga whai hua mō ngā wero maha e pā ana ki a tātou. Mā te mahi tahi whai hua i waenga i ēnei mara e rua ka taea ai e tātou te waihanga i tētahi heke mai kanapa ake, whai rawa ake hoki mō te katoa.
