Ngā Tikanga Rangahau i roto i te Anthropology Reo
Ko te mātauranga reo he peka o te mātauranga reo e ako ana i te reo hei mahi pāpori me te ahurea. Ehara i te mea ko ngā hanganga reo anake te arotahi matua (pērā i te wetereo, te oro rānei), engari ko te whakamahinga a te tangata i te reo hei hanga whanaungatanga, hei whiriwhiri i ngā tuakiri, hei pupuri i te mana, hei whakahaere i ngā tikanga, hei tuku mātauranga i roto i ngā horopaki o ia rā. Nō reira, ko ngā tikanga rangahau i roto i te mātauranga reo he mea kounga, he mea horopaki, ā, he mea nui ki ngā mahi mara mō te wā roa. Heoi anō, kua huakina hoki e ngā whanaketanga hou ngā whai wāhitanga mō ngā tikanga tauanga, te tātaritanga kohinga, me te mātauranga matihiko hei tūhura i ngā mahi reo i roto i tētahi ao matihiko haere.
1. Ko te ira tangata hei anga matua
Ko te tikanga tino motuhake i roto i te mātauranga reo ko te mātauranga iwi, arā, te rangahau mara e aro ana ki te mārama ki te oranga pāpori mai i te tirohanga a ngā kaiuru. I roto i te mātauranga iwi, ko te tikanga ka noho, ka noho pinepine rānei ngā kairangahau i roto i te hapori e akohia ana, e hanga whanaungatanga ana, e tirotiro ana i ngā mahi o ia rā, me te tuhi i ngā mahi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tonu. Ehara i te mea ko te mātauranga iwi anake te kohikohi raraunga engari ka hanga hoki i te māramatanga mō te take e kōrero ai te tangata pēnei, te wā e whiriwhiri ai rātou ki te noho puku, me pēhea tā rātou mihi, te kata, te tautohetohe, te kōrero rānei ki ētahi atu i runga i te hiranga pāpori.
Mā te mātauranga iwi ka taea e ngā kairangahau te mahere i ngā "ture kore tuhituhi" o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero: hei tauira, ko wai ka kōrero tuatahi i roto i tētahi hui tuku iho, me pēhea te whakamahi i ngā rautaki whakaute hei whakakore me te kore e whakapataritari, me pēhea rānei te whakaaro he nui ake te mana o ētahi reo i ētahi atu. Nō reira, mā te mātauranga iwi ka whakaratohia te horopaki e whai tikanga ai ngā raraunga reo ki te taha pāpori me te taha ahurea.
2. Te mātakitaki a te hunga whai wāhi
He tikanga matua te mātakitaki whai wāhi e hono tahi ana me te mātauranga iwi. Kāore ngā kairangahau e mātakitaki noa mai i tawhiti, engari e uru atu ana ki ngā mahi hapori—ki te taumata matatika me te taea—nō reira ka hopukina ngā āhuatanga rerekē o ngā taunekeneke e ngaro ana i ngā uiuinga ōkawa. I roto i te horopaki o te mātauranga iwi reo , ka āwhina te mātakitaki whai wāhi i ngā kairangahau ki te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga mahi pēnei i te reo, ngā okiokinga, ngā nekehanga, ngā āhua o te kanohi, me te horopaki āhuatanga e awe ana i te tikanga o ngā kōrero.
Hei tauira, ka taea e te rerenga kōrero kotahi te whakahihi, te whakatoi rānei, i runga i te āhuatanga me ngā whanaungatanga pāpori. Mā te tirotiro whai wāhi ka taea e ngā kairangahau te tuhi me pēhea te "hanga tahi" o te tikanga i roto i ngā taunekeneke, ehara i te mea ko ngā kupu anake.
3. Te tuhi ā-taiao
He tikanga nui te tuhi kōrero māori nā te mea he maha ngā āhuatanga reo—pērā i te whakawhiti waehere, te kata, te whakakorenga, ngā tohu kōrero ("ē," "āe," "āe"), ngā rautaki whakakorenga rānei—ka puta noa mai. Ka taea te oro, te ataata rānei ngā raraunga kua tuhia. He pai ake te ataata mō te tātari i ngā āhuatanga maha: ngā tohu ringa, te ahunga titiro, te tawhiti o te tinana, me te whakamahinga o ngā mea e karapoti ana i te kōrero.
Heoi, ko te tuhi raraunga tūturu me aro nui ki ngā tikanga matatika: te whiwhi whakaaetanga a te kaiuru, te pupuri i te tūmataitinga, te karo i te tuhi i ngā āhuatanga tairongo, me te whakarite kia haumaru te rokiroki raraunga. Me whai whakaaro hoki ngā kairangahau ki te pānga o te "paradox a te kaimātakitaki," arā, he panoni i roto i te whanonga reo nā te mōhio kei te tuhia. Hei whakaiti i tēnei, ko te tikanga ka hangaia e ngā kairangahau te mōhiotanga me te whakahaere i ngā tuhi anō kia pai ake ai te noho o ngā kaiuru.
4. Ngā uiuinga ā-iwi me ngā uiuinga ā-haurua-hanganga
Ehara ngā uiuinga i roto i te mātauranga tangata reo i te pātai me te whakautu noa iho, engari he huarahi ki te tūhura i ngā mātauranga ā-rohe mō te reo: te whakaaro reo, te aromatawai i ngā reo motuhake, ngā wheako o te whakahāwea reo, ngā rautaki reo rānei i roto i ngā horopaki ōkawa. He ngāwari te nuinga o ngā uiuinga mātauranga iwi, e whai ana i te kōrero a te kaiwhakapuaki kōrero, ā, e whakatairanga ana i te tikanga mai i tā rātou tirohanga.
Ka whakamahia ngā uiuinga āhua-hanganga ina hiahia ngā kairangahau ki te tūhura i tētahi kaupapa motuhake (hei tauira, te whakamahinga o te reo i te kura, i te kāinga, i te mahi rānei) engari ka taea tonu te tūhura. He pai tēnei tikanga hei tāpiri i ngā raraunga taunekeneke tūturu: ka taea e ngā kairangahau te pātai mō ngā take i whiriwhiria ai ngā kupu, ngā tirohanga mō te ngākau māhaki, te hītori rānei o te huringa reo i roto i te hapori.
5. Te tātari kōrero me te tātari kōrero
Kia oti ngā raraunga te kohi, ka tino hira te wāhanga tātari. I roto i te mātauranga reo , ka tirohia e te tātari kōrero te āhua o te hanga a te reo i te ao pāpori—hei tauira, te āhua o te whakapuakitanga o ngā kōrero mō te "ahunga whakamua" i roto i ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui e whakahāwea ana i ngā reo o te rohe. Ka tirohia e te tātari kōrero te kōwhiringa o te papakupu, te kupu whakarite, te hanganga kōrero, me te tūranga kaupapa i roto i tētahi tuhinga, i tētahi kōrero rānei.
Ko te tātari kōrerorero e aro nui ana ki te whakaritenga o ngā taunekeneke: te hurihanga, ngā takirua raupapa (pātai-whakautu, mihi-whakahoki mihi), ngā tikanga whakatika, me te āhua o te pupuri a ngā kaiuru i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero maeneene. He pai tēnei tikanga mō te tirotiro i ngā taipitopito iti e whakaatu ana i ngā hanganga pāpori : ko wai ka whakaroa pinepine, ko wai me tatari, me pēhea rānei te whakatūnga o te mana mā te hurihanga.
6. Te tuhituhi me te tuhipoka
Ko te tuhituhi te piriti i waenga i ngā raraunga mata me te tātari. I roto i te rangahau mātauranga reo, he maha ngā wā ka nui ake te tuhituhi kupu i te tuhituhi noa. Ka taea e ia te tuhi i te reo, ngā okiokinga, te whakanui, te kata, ngā kōrero taupatupatu, me ngā āhuatanga kore-kupu. Ka taea te whakarite i ngā pūnaha tuhituhi kia rite ki ngā whāinga rangahau: ko te taipitopito ake o te tātari taunekeneke, ko te taipitopito ake o te tuhituhi.
He mea noa anō hoki ngā tāpiritanga: hei tauira, te tohu i ngā wā whakawhiti waehere, tae atu ki ngā whakarāpopototanga mō ngā reo kāore i tuhia, te tuhi rānei i te horopaki (ko wai kei te kōrero ki a wai, i roto i tēhea āhuatanga, me ēhea whanaungatanga pāpori). He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā pūmanawa pēnei i a ELAN, i a Praat rānei hei whakataurite i ngā tuhinga ki te oro-ataata, hei whakahaere hoki i te waehere.
7. Ngā tikanga whakatairite me ngā rangahau rerekētanga
Ka whakamahia hoki e te mātauranga reo ngā whakatauritenga puta noa i ngā āhuatanga, ngā rōpū, ngā whakatipuranga rānei hei tirotiro i te huringa reo. Tērā pea ka whakatauritea e ngā kairangahau te whakamahinga a ngā taiohi me ngā kaumātua i ngā mihi, ngā rerekētanga o te reo i waenga i ngā wāhi kāinga me ngā wāhi tūmatanui, ngā nekehanga reo rānei nā te hekenga me te noho tāone. Mā te ako i ngā rerekētanga ka āwhina i te mārama ki te hononga o ngā kōwhiringa reo ki te tuakiri (ira tangata, karaehe, iwi taketake, whakapono), me te whakanui hoki a ngā hapori i ngā momo reo motuhake.
I ētahi wā, he iti noa te whakamahinga o ngā tikanga tauanga, hei tauira, te tatau i te auau o te whakawhiti waehere, te putanga mai rānei o ētahi āhua i roto i tētahi kohinga kōrero, kātahi ka whakamāramahia i runga i te kounga i roto i te horopaki ahurea.
8. Te rangahau ira tangata mamati me te rangahau pāpāho
Nā ngā whanaketanga hangarau kua hangaia he wāhi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hou: pāpāho pāpori, rōpū kōrerorero, kēmu ipurangi, me ngā papaaho ataata poto. Inaianei, e tirotirohia whānuitia ana e te mātauranga reo ngā mahi reo i roto i ngā wāhi matihiko, tae atu ki ngā meme, ngā emoji (hei tohu mahi), ngā momo reo "alay", ngā ranunga reo, me te hanganga hapori e ahu mai ana i te tohu pae.
Ka urutau te mātauranga iwi matihiko i ngā mātāpono mātauranga iwi: ka mātakitaki ngā kairangahau i ngā taunekeneke, ka mārama ki ngā tikanga o te hapori, ka tuhi i te horopaki o te tūāpapa (ngā āhuatanga, ngā rauropi, ngā ture whakahaere), ā, ka whai whakaaro ki ngā tikanga matatika a te iwi me te tūmataiti. Me tūpato ngā raraunga matihiko nā te mea he ngāwari te tārua me te tohatoha i ngā tohu ipurangi; he mea nui te huna ingoa me te whakaae.
9. Ngā tikanga rangahau
Ko ngā tikanga matatika te tūāpapa o ngā tikanga rangahau ā-iwi reo. Me whakarite e ngā kairangahau te whakaaetanga whai whakaaro, me pupuri te noho muna, me whakaute i ngā tikanga ā-rohe, me whakaaro hoki ki te pānga o te rangahau ki te hapori. I roto i te horopaki o ngā reo tokoiti, ngā reo e tata ana ki te ngaro, me karo ngā kairangahau i te tango mātauranga me te kore e tauutuutu. Ko ngā mahi pai ko te tohatoha i ngā hua rangahau, te whakarite kia wātea ngā tuhinga reo ki te hapori, te whakauru rānei i ngā kaikōrero hei hoa mahi, kaua ko ngā "taonga" rangahau anake.
Te Katinga
Ko ngā tikanga rangahau i roto i te mātauranga reo me te aro ki te tangata me te aro ki te tangata. Ko te mātauranga iwi, te mātakitaki whai wāhi, te tuhi raraunga taiao, ngā uiuinga, me te tātari kōrero me te kōrerorero he taputapu matua mō te mārama ki te reo hei mahi pāpori. I tēnei ao matihiko, kua whānui ake ēnei tikanga mā te mātauranga iwi ipurangi me te tātari i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Hei whakamutunga, ko te mana o te mātauranga iwi reo kei roto i tōna kaha ki te hono i ngā kōrero iti o te reo—pēnei i te whiriwhiri kupu, ngā okiokinga, ngā momo katakata rānei—ki ngā hanganga pāpori whānui: te tuakiri, te mana, te matatika, me te huringa ahurea. Mā te tikanga tika me ngā matatika pakari, ka taea e te rangahau mātauranga iwi reo te whai wāhi nui ki tō tātou māramatanga ki te tangata me te kanorau o ngā huarahi e kōrero ai tātou.
