Te Whakamāramatanga o te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero i roto i ngā Akoranga Reo
He huarahi nui te tātaritanga iwi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki ngā rangahau reo e whakanoho ana i te reo hei wāhanga nui o te oranga pāpori me te ahurea. Kāore i rite ki ngā rangahau reo e aro ana ki te hanganga reo anake—pērā i te oro, te āhua, te wetereo rānei—e aro ana te tātaritanga iwi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki te whakamahinga o te reo e ngā mema o te hapori i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te ao tūturu. E whakapono ana tēnei huarahi, kia mārama ai ki te tikanga o te kōrero, me tātari noa ngā kairangahau i te hanganga rerenga kōrero, engari me mārama hoki ko wai kei te kōrero, ki a wai, i roto i tēhea horopaki, mō tēhea kaupapa, me te rite ki ngā tikanga ahurea o nāianei.
Whakamāramatanga me te Papamuri
Ko te kupu "ethnography of communication" e hono whānuitia ana ki ngā mahi a Dell Hymes i ngā tau 1960 me 1970. I whakahē a Hymes i te reo ōkawa he tirohanga whaiti rawa, me te kore e aro ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori o te whakamahinga reo. I whakaurua e ia te ariā o te pūkenga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, e pā ana ki te kaha o te tangata ehara i te mea ki te hanga rerenga kōrero tika engari ki te whakamahi tika hoki i aua rerenga kōrero i roto i ngā horopaki pāpori. Mai i tēnei tirohanga, i whakawhanakehia te ethnography of communication hei ako i ngā tauira whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i roto i tētahi ahurea motuhake.
I te kīanga māmā noa iho, ka taea te mārama ki te rangahau ahurea o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hei rangahau kounga e tirotiro ana i ngā mahi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o tētahi hapori: he aha te mea e kiia ana he kōrero pai, me pēhea te whakatinanatanga o ngā ture kōrero, ngā momo huihuinga kōrero he mea nui, me pēhea te whakaata i ngā tuakiri pāpori me ngā whanaungatanga mana i roto i te reo.
Arotahi o te Akoranga: Te Reo hei Mahi Hapori
I roto i te mātauranga iwi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, e māramahia ana te reo hei mahi pāpori. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ehara te reo i te taputapu noa iho hei kawe kōrero, engari he huarahi anō hoki hei hanga whanaungatanga, hei whakaū i te mana, hei whakaatu i te ngākau māhaki, hei whiriwhiri, tae noa ki te huna i ngā whakaaro. Hei tauira, ko te āhua o te kōrero a te tangata ki tētahi atu tangata ka taea te whakaatu i ngā tohu o te tawhiti pāpori, te whakaute, te piripono, te āhua ōkawa rānei. I roto i ētahi hapori, ko te whakamahinga o ngā kupu whanaungatanga pēnei i te "Pakde," "Auntie," "Kak," "Mas" rānei ehara i te mea he kōrero noa iho engari he huarahi anō hoki hei hanga whanaungatanga pāpori.
I kitea anō hoki i tēnei rangahau he rerekē te "tikanga" kotahi i runga i te horopaki ahurea. Ko ngā kīanga e kiia ana he tika, he pono hoki i tētahi wāhi, ka kiia pea he whanoke i tētahi atu wāhi. I tētahi atu taha, ko te huarahi whakapuaki ā-korekore o te whakahē ka mārama pea he ātaahua i tētahi ahurea, engari ka kiia he kore whakatau i tētahi atu ahurea.
Ngā Wāhanga Tātari i roto i te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero
Ko te etnography o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero e ako ana i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mā roto i ētahi waeine, taumata rānei o te tātari. I te nuinga o te wā, ka wehewehe ngā kairangahau i waenga i:
1. Hapori kōrero: he rōpū pāpori e rite ana ngā tikanga whakamahi reo. Kāore te hapori kōrero i te ōrite tonu ki te hapori reo; ka taea e ngā rōpū e rua te whakamahi i te reo kotahi engari he rerekē ngā tikanga kōrero.
2. Āhuatanga kōrero: te horopaki whānui e puta ai te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, hei tauira, ngā hui o te kāinga, ngā akomanga kura, ngā kawa tuku iho, ngā taunekeneke rānei i te mākete.
3. Hui kōrero: he mahi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whai hanganga me tētahi kaupapa motuhake, hei tauira he tukanga tono tono, he wā whakawā tuku iho, he kauwhau Paraire, he kōrero rōpū rānei.
4. Ngā mahi kōrero: ngā mahi reo iti ake pēnei i te pātai, te whakahau, te whakamoemiti, te whakakahore, te kī taurangi, te oati rānei.
Mā te mahere i ēnei taumata, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te kite i te hanganga pāpori o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te pūnaha ake.
Tauira KŌRERO nā Dell Hymes
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Dell Hymes ki te mātauranga iwi o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ko tētahi taputapu tātari e mōhiotia ana ko te tauira SPEAKING. Mā tēnei tauira ka āwhina ngā kairangahau ki te tātari i ngā āhuatanga matua o tētahi huihuinga kōrero:
– S (Setting and Scene): te wāhi, te wā, me te āhuarangi o te horopaki whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.
– P (Ngā Kaiuru): ngā rōpū e whai wāhi ana (kaikōrero, hoa kōrero, hunga whakarongo), tae atu ki ō rātou tūranga pāpori.
– E (Mutu): ngā whāinga me ngā hua e tumanakohia ana o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.
– A (Raupapa Mahi): raupapa o ngā mahi, o te rere rānei o te kōrero (te tīmatanga, te whanaketanga me te katinga o te kōrero).
– K (Kī): reo, momo kōrero rānei (tino, whakakatakata, whakatoi, ōkawa).
– I (Ngā Taonga Whakatangitangi): ngā hongere reo me ngā momo (kōrero/tuhituhi, reo ā-iwi, waehere whakauru, pāpāho matihiko).
– N (Ngā Tikanga): ngā tikanga taunekeneke me te whakamārama (ngā mea ka taea, kāore rānei e taea te kōrero, ina tae ki te wā ki te kōrero).
– G (Momo): momo kōrero (kauwhau, rīme, kōrero pōhewa, kōrero, whiriwhiringa).
Mā te KŌRERO, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakamārama he aha i "whai tikanga" ai tētahi kōrero ki tētahi hapori, ehara i te mea ko te tikanga anake o ngā kupu.
Tikanga Rangahau: Tirotiro Tata
Ko te tikanga whānui o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero matawhenua he whakamahi i ngā tikanga kounga me te aro nui ki ngā mahi mara. Ka whakahaerehia e ngā kairangahau ngā mātakitakitanga whai wāhi, ngā uiuinga hōhonu, te tuhi i ngā horopaki pāpori, me te tuhi i ngā taunekeneke (oro/ataata) i ngā wā katoa e taea ai. Kei roto i ngā raraunga kua kohia ehara i te mea ko ngā tuhinga kōrero anake engari ko ngā tuhipoka mō ngā nekehanga, ngā āhua o te tinana, te tawhiti tinana, te raupapa o ngā taunekeneke, me ngā tauhohenga a ngā kaiuru.
Ko te tikanga o te tukanga tātari ko: (1) te tautuhi i ngā kaupapa kōrero nui i roto i te hapori, (2) te mahere i ngā tikanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, (3) te tātari i ngā rautaki reo me ngā kōwhiringa waehere, me (4) te whakamārama i te tikanga pāpori-ahurea o ēnei tauira whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. I tēnei wā, me aro nui ngā kairangahau ki ngā tirohanga o roto (emic), kaua ko ngā aromatawai o waho anake (etic).
Te Hiranga o ngā Akoranga Reo i Initonīhia
I roto i te horopaki maha-reo me te ahurea maha o Indonesia, he mea nui te mātauranga iwi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Nā ngā rerekētanga o te iwi, ngā reo ā-iwi, ngā reo ā-rohe, me ngā tikanga whakaute kanorau, ka hono tahi te whakamahinga o te reo ki te ahurea. Hei tauira, ko te kōwhiringa i waenga i te "koe–au" me te "koe–au", te whakamahinga rānei o ngā kupu whakaute i roto i te reo Hāwana, ehara i te mea he kōwhiringa reo noa iho, engari he whakatau pāpori e whakaata ana i te hiranga, te tau, me ngā whanaungatanga tangata.
Hei tāpiri atu, kua huakina e te whanaketanga o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero matihiko ngā huarahi hou mō te rangahau. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā kōrero pāpāho pāpori, ka puta ake ngā tikanga hou, pērā i te whakamahinga o ngā tohu whakaahua, ngā whakarāpopototanga, ngā momo whakatoi rānei, ka rerekē pea puta noa i ngā hapori ipurangi. Ka taea e te tātaritanga iwi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero te āwhina i te mārama ki te hanganga o te tuakiri me te kotahitanga mā te reo i roto i ngā wāhi matihiko, me te ara ake o ngā pakanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero nā ngā rerekētanga o te whakamaoritanga o ngā tikanga.
Ngā Hua o te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Matatini
He whai hua tēnei huarahi i roto i ngā momo mara. I roto i te mātauranga reo, mā te mātauranga momo kōrero ka āwhina i ngā kaiako ki te mārama ehara i te mea ko te "mārama" te mea e pā ana ki te wetereo anake, engari ko te kaha hoki ki te whiriwhiri i ngā kīanga tika. I roto i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ahurea, he wāhi nui tēnei huarahi ki te ārai i ngā māramatanga hē nā ngā rerekētanga o ngā tikanga kōrero. I roto i ngā rangahau reo pāpori, mā te mātauranga momo kōrero ka whakarei ake i te tātaritanga o te rerekētanga reo mā te whakanui i ōna mahi pāpori.
I roto i te ao o ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā kitenga mai i te rangahau ira tangata whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hei hanga kaupapa pānui, ratonga tūmatanui, whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hauora rānei e whai hua ake ana. Hei tauira, ko te huarahi e tukuna ai ngā mōhiohio hauora i roto i tētahi hapori motuhake me urutau pea ki ngā tauira mana whakahaere ā-rohe, ki ngā momo kōrero pono, me ngā rautaki reo e kiia ana he tikanga whakaute.
Te Katinga
Mā te tātaritanga iwi o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i roto i ngā akoranga reo ka tukuna he tirohanga whānui: e māramahia ana te reo hei mahi pāpori e herea tonutia ana e te ahurea. Mā te tirotiro i ngā tauira whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i roto i ngā hapori kōrero, ka āwhina tēnei huarahi i a tātou ki te mārama ko te angitu o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ehara i te mea ko te tika o te wetereo anake engari ko te tika o te pāpori, ngā uara ahurea, me ngā tikanga taunekeneke. I roto i tētahi hapori kanorau haere, e hono ana, ko te tātaritanga iwi o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero te mea nui ki te mārama ki ngā nekehanga reo i roto i te huarahi atawhai, horopaki, me te whai pānga ki te oranga o ia rā.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea hoki e au te tāpiri i ngā tauira ako take (hei tauira, te tātaritanga iwi o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i roto i ngā hui tuku iho, i ngā akomanga, i ngā kōrero pāpāho pāpori rānei) kia mārama ake ai te tuhinga, kia tata atu hoki ki te 1000 kupu.
