Te Tātari i ngā Ariā Taketake o te Mātauranga Reo me te Ahurea
Ko te mātauranga reo he peka o te mātauranga reo e whakanoho ana i te reo ki waenganui i tōna aro ki te mārama ki te tangata, ki te hapori, me te ahurea. I roto i tēnei kaupapa, kāore te reo e māramahia ana hei pūnaha oro me te wetereo anake, engari hei mahi pāpori ora: e whakamahia ana, e whiriwhiria ana, e tukuna iho ana, e hurihia ana mā roto i ngā taunekeneke o ia rā. Nō reira, ko te ako i te mātauranga reo e neke tonu ana ki ngā pātai nui e rua: me pēhea te hanga a te reo i te ahurea, me pēhea te hanga a te ahurea i te reo. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā ariā taketake o te mātauranga reo e whakamahia ana hei tātari i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te reo me te ahurea, me tō rātou hiranga i roto i te rangahau pāpori.
1. Te reo hei mahi ahurea (te reo hei mahi pāpori)
Ko tētahi ariā matua o te mātauranga tangata reo, ko te reo he mahi ahurea. Ko te tikanga, ehara te reo i te mea kūpapa; ko ia whakamahinga o te reo ka puta tonu i roto i tētahi horopaki pāpori motuhake, e whai wāhi ana ngā kaikōrero, ngā kaiwhakarongo, ngā whāinga, ngā tikanga, me ngā whanaungatanga mana. Hei tauira, ko te kupu "tākuta," ehara i te mea he tikanga kupu anake, engari he tohu anō hoki mō ngā tikanga taunekeneke, te ngākau māhaki, me te mōhio ki te wāhi pāpori (ko wai te pakeke ake, ko wai te rangatira o te rohe, ngā āhuatanga ōkawa, ngā āhuatanga kore ōkawa rānei).
I roto i tēnei anga, ka neke atu te tātari reo i te hanganga rerenga kōrero. Me whai whakaaro ngā kairangahau ki te whakamahinga o te kōrero hei mahi i ngā mahi pāpori: te tono, te whakakore, te whakahau, te whakatoi, te whakangahau, te whiriwhiri tuakiri rānei. Nō reira, ka noho te reo hei kuaha ki te mārama ki ngā tauira o ngā uara me ngā tikanga i roto i te ahurea o te hapori.
2. Te whanaungatanga reo: he pānga rānei te reo ki te āhua o ō tātou whakaaro?
Ko tētahi ariā e kōrerohia pinepinetia ana i roto i te mātauranga tangata reo ko te whanaungatanga reo—e hono pinepine ana ki te ariā Sapir-Whorf. Ko tōna ariā matua ko te hanganga o te reo e awe ana i te āhua o te whakarōpūtanga o ngā wheako, te māramatanga ki te ao, me te hanga i ngā kāwai tikanga. Ko te putanga "kaha" o tēnei ariā—ko te reo te mea e whakatau ana i te whakaaro—kāore i te tino whakaaetia ināianei. Heoi, ko te putanga "ngoikore"—ko te reo te mea e awe ana i ngā tikanga whakaaro me te tirohanga—e whai tikanga tonu ana i roto i te maha o ngā rangahau.
Ka kitea ngā tauira i roto i ngā momo kupu whanaungatanga, ngā ingoa tae, ngā tohu wāhi rānei (pēnei i te "awa ki runga-awa ki raro" me te "whenua-moana"). Ka taea e ngā rerekētanga kāwai i roto i te reo te aro o ngā kaikōrero ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te wheako. Mō te mātauranga reo, he mea nui te whanaungatanga reo kia kaua e whakatau ko tētahi reo he "hiranga ake," engari kia whakaatu ko te tikanga pāpori me te mātauranga kei roto i ngā pūnaha tohu motuhake.
3. Reo, tikanga, me te horopaki: mai i te tikanga ki te mahi whaihua
Ko tētahi atu ariā nui ko te wehewehenga i waenga i te tikanga "i roto i te reo" me te tikanga "e whakamahia ana." E pā ana te tikanga tikanga ki te tikanga pumau o ngā kupu, o ngā rerenga kōrero rānei, ko te mahi whaihua ia e whakaatu ana i te whakawhirinakitanga o te tikanga ki te horopaki: ko wai e kōrero ana, ki a wai, āhea, me te aha te kaupapa.
I roto i ētahi ahurea, ka taea e tētahi rerenga kōrero he pātai te huri hei whakahau ngawari, pērā i te "Ka taea e koe te kati i te tatau?"—he mea e māramahia ana e te hapori he tohutohu. Mā te tātari whaihua ka āwhina i ngā kairangahau ki te mārama ki ngā tikanga o te whakaute, ki ngā rautaki karo pakanga, ki ngā momo whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-kore rānei e tohu ana i tētahi hapori. Kei roto hoki i te horopaki te hītori o ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā kaikōrero: ka taea e te kōrero kotahi te waiho hei katakata hoa, engari ka taea hoki te kī he whakatoi mēnā he kore taurite te whanaungatanga.
4. Ngā huihuinga kōrero, ngā hapori kōrero, me te tātaritanga iwi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero
Hei tirotiro i te reo hei mahi pāpori, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e te mātauranga mātauranga reo te huarahi ahurea. Ko tētahi ariā matua ko te kaupapa kōrero: he wāhanga o te mahi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me ngā ture me ngā kaupapa motuhake, pērā i te kawa marena, te hui tuku iho, te kauwhau, te tautohetohe tōrangapū, te hokohoko rānei i te mākete.
E pā ana ki tēnei, kei reira anō te ariā o tētahi hapori kōrero, he rōpū e rite ana ngā tikanga whakamahi reo. Kāore ngā hapori kōrero e honoa ana ki ngā rohe whenua, ki ngā rohe iwi rānei; ka taea hoki te hanga i runga i te mahi, te tau, te whatunga pāpori rānei. Hei tauira, he momo reo me ngā kupu motuhake ā ngā hapori petipeti, ngā hapori kura noho Ihirama, ngā hapori kaimahi manene rānei e tohu ana i te mema.
Nā Dell Hymes i whakauru mai tētahi anga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-iwi hei tātari i ngā huānga o ngā huihuinga kōrero, e mōhiotia ana ko te kupu whakarāpopoto SPEAKING: Setting and Scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms, and Genre. Mā tēnei anga ka āwhina i ngā kairangahau kia kite ko te angitu o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero e whakawhirinaki ana ki te piripono ki ngā tikanga ahurea, ehara i te wetereo anake.
5. Te whakarārangitanga: e tohu ana te reo i te tuakiri me te tūranga pāpori
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a te mātauranga reo o ēnei rā ko te ariā o te taupūtanga: ehara i te mea ko ngā tohu reo anake e "tohu" ana i tētahi mea, engari e "tohu ana" ki te tuakiri, ki ngā waiaro, ki te tūranga pāpori rānei. Ko te whiriwhiri kupu, te reo, te whaikōrero, tae noa ki te reo whakanui ka taea te whakarato tohu ki te akomanga pāpori, te rohe takenga mai, te whakatupuranga, te taumata rānei o te tikanga.
Hei tauira, ko te whakamahinga o ngā kupu "koe," "koe," "koe," "koe," "koe" rānei ehara i te mea he rerekētanga kupu ingoa noa iho, engari he tohu mō te tawhiti pāpori me ngā tikanga whakaute. I roto i ētahi horopaki, ko te whiriwhiri i te kupu "hē" ka kitea he kore whakaute, he tino mōhio rānei. Mā te mārama ki te taupū, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te tātari i te hanganga o ngā tuakiri pāpori i roto i te kōrero.
6. Te ariā reo: ngā whakapono pāpori mō te reo
Ko te ariā o te whakaaro reo e tirotiro ana i ngā whakapono, ngā whakapae, ngā whakatau rānei a te hapori mō tētahi reo, momo reo rānei. He maha ngā wā ka kitea te whakaaro reo ina kiia he "kino," he "tuawhenua," he "kore mātauranga," he "paerewa," he "hou," he "mana" rānei tētahi reo. Ehara i te mea he whakaaro reo anake ēnei engari he hononga ki te hītori, ki te tōrangapū, ki te mātauranga, me ngā whanaungatanga mana.
I roto i te horopaki ā-motu, ka taea e te ariā o tētahi "reo paerewa" te whakatenatena i te whakakotahitanga me te whakahāwea i ngā reo ā-rohe. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea hoki e te ariā reo te whakamahi hei huarahi whakahīhī tuakiri, hei tauira, ko ngā kaupapa whakaora reo ā-rohe e hono ana i te reo ki te mana ahurea. Ka tirohia e te mātauranga reo te awe o te ariā reo ki ngā kaupapa here, ngā mahi mātauranga, me ngā wheako o ia rā o ngā kaikōrero.
7. Te rerekētanga, te whakawhiti waehere, me te reoruatanga hei rautaki pāpori
He mea tūturu ngā hapori reo maha i roto i ngā rohe maha, tae atu ki Initonīhia. He mea nui ngā ariā o te rerekētanga o te reo (reo, rehita, momo) me te whakawhiti waehere hei mārama ki te whiriwhiri a ngā kaikōrero i te reo e ai ki te āhuatanga. Ehara te whakawhiti waehere i te "whakaranu" noa iho, engari he rautaki pāpori: he tohu i te piripono, te ngaiotanga, te whakakatakata, te mana, te mema rōpū rānei.
Hei tauira, ko te whakawhiti mai i te reo ā-rohe ki te reo Initonīhia i roto i te kōrerorero he tohu pea i te huringa o te kaupapa mai i ngā take whaiaro ki ngā take ōkawa. Ko te whakamahinga rānei o ngā kupu Pākehā i te wāhi mahi he tohu pea i te tuakiri ngaio me te urunga atu ki ngā whatunga ā-ao. Mō te mātauranga reo, ehara i te mea ko te āhua whakawhiti anake te mea e uru ana ki te tātari engari ko te tikanga pāpori hoki e puta mai ana.
8. Te whakaputa reo, te mana, me te mātauranga
He ao mana te reo. Ko wai kei a ia te mana kōrero, ko wai e rangona ana, me ēhea momo reo e kiia ana he tika, ka whakatauhia e ngā hanganga pāpori. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā hui ōkawa, ka taea e te hunga whai tūranga te whakahaere i te hurihanga me te whakatau i ngā whakatau. I roto i ngā horopaki mātauranga, ka whakamahia te reo "paerewa" hei ine i te mohio, ā, ka whakakino i ngā kaikōrero o ētahi reo.
Ka tirohia e te mātauranga reo te mahi a ēnei whanaungatanga mana mā roto i ngā taunekeneke o ia rā, ngā tuhinga mana, ngā pāpāho, me ngā umanga. He mea nui tēnei rangahau hei mārama ki te whakaputa mātauranga: he maha ngā wā ka hangaia ngā kōrero tuku iho, ngā whakamāramatanga o te "pono", me ngā ariā o te "noa" mā roto i te reo matua.
Te Katinga
Ko ngā ariā taketake o te mātauranga reo—te reo hei mahi pāpori, te whanaungatanga reo, te horopaki mahi, te mātauranga iwi o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, te taupūtanga, te ariā reo, te rerekētanga me te whakawhiti waehere, me te whanaungatanga i waenga i te reo me te mana—e whakarato ana i ngā taputapu tātari kaha mō te māramatanga hohonu ake ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te reo me te ahurea. Mā tēnei huarahi, ka kitea te reo hei mea e hanga kaha ana i te mooni pāpori, me te hanga anō hoki e te hītori, ngā uara, me ngā hanganga o te hapori. Nō reira, ehara i te mea he mea nui noa te mātauranga reo mō te ako i te reo engari he mea nui anō hoki mō te mārama ki ngā hihiri o te tuakiri, te kore taurite, me te huringa ahurea i roto i te ao uaua haere.
