Ngā Rerekētanga i waenga i te Anthropology Reo me te Sociolinguistics
Kāore te reo e noho noa i te koretake. Ka whakamahia tonutia e te tangata, i roto i ngā hapori, i roto i ngā āhuatanga motuhake, me ngā kaupapa motuhake. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka hono te ako pūtaiao o te reo ki ngā pūtaiao pāpori—ina koa ko te mātauranga tangata me te pāpori pāpori. E rua ngā mara e kiia ana he rite, he taupatupatu hoki, ko te mātauranga tangata reo me te mātauranga pāpori pāpori. E tirotirohia ana e rāua te whanaungatanga i waenga i te reo me te oranga pāpori, engari he rerekē te arotahi, ngā pātai rangahau, ngā tikanga pūtaiao, me ngā huarahi tirohanga ki te "reo" me te "hapori." Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā rerekētanga i waenga i te rua, me ngā tauira, hei āwhina i te mārama.
Te Mārama ki te Anthropology Reo
Ko te mātauranga reo he peka o te mātauranga tangata e ako ana i te reo hei wāhanga o te ahurea tangata. Ko tōna arotahi ko te āhua o te hanga, te whakamahinga, me te whakamārama i te reo i roto i ngā mahi ahurea o ia rā, tae atu ki te hononga o te reo ki te tuakiri, ngā kawa, ngā uara, te ao tūroa, me te māramatanga o te hapori ki te ao.
I roto i te tikanga tātai tangata, ehara i te mea ko te reo he pūnaha wetereo, he pūnaha kupu rānei anake, engari he mahi pāpori-ahurea: ngā huarahi kōrero, ngā momo kōrero, ngā kōwhiringa kupu, me ngā ture kore tuhituhi e whakahaere ana i ngā whanonga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Ka aro hoki te tātai tangata reo ki te horopaki hītori, te mana, te koroni, te hekenga, me te huringa ahurea e awe ana i ngā mahi reo.
Ngā tauira o ngā pātai mō te mātauranga reo:
– He pēhea te whakaata a ngā momo mihi i roto i te hapori i ngā hanganga whanaungatanga me ngā taumata pāpori?
– He aha te tikanga ahurea o te mahi "rhyming", "producing story", "purei" rānei i roto i tētahi reo?
– He aha te rerekētanga o te reo kawa i te reo o ia rā, ā, he aha i pupuri tonu ai ngā hapori i tēnei reo?
Te Mārama ki te Reo Pāpori
Ko te reo pāpori he peka o te mātauranga reo e ako ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te reo me te hapori, me te aro nui ki ngā rerekētanga reo me ngā āhuatanga pāpori e awe ana i a ia. He maha ngā wā ka tirotirohia e ngā tohunga reo pāpori te āhua o te hurihanga, te rerekētanga rānei o te reo i runga i ngā taurangi pēnei i te akomanga pāpori, te tau, te ira tangata, te taumata mātauranga, te mahi, te iwi, ngā whatunga pāpori, ngā āhuatanga ōkawa-ōkawa rānei.
Ko te arotahi o te reo pāpori ki ngā tauira o te rerekētanga me te whakamahinga o te reo i roto i te hapori. He maha ngā rangahau reo pāpori e tīmata ana me ngā pātai: "I raro i ngā āhuatanga pāpori hea e whakamahia ai e te tangata ētahi momo reo?" me "Me pēhea te horapa o te huringa reo puta noa i te hapori?"
Ngā tauira o ngā pātai pāpori-reo:
– He aha i nui ake ai te whakamahi a ngā taiohi o te tāone i ētahi momo kupu whakakatakata i ngā pakeke?
– He aha te hononga o te kōwhiringa reo (reo Initonīhia me ngā reo ā-rohe) ki te mātauranga, ki te nekenekehanga pāpori rānei?
– Ki tehea te nui o te awe o te reo ā-rohe ki ngā whakaaro o te tangata mō ngā kaikōrero (hei tauira, te whakaaro he "māia", he "tangata whenua", he "mana" rānei)?
Ngā Rerekētanga o te Arotahi ki te Ako
Ko te rerekētanga tino kitea kei roto i te arotahi matua.
1. Ko te tikanga o te mātauranga reo he titiro ki te reo hei huarahi ki te mārama ki te ahurea: ngā uara, ngā tohu, ngā mahi, me ngā tikanga e noho ana i roto i te hapori. Ka akohia te reo hei wāhanga o te huarahi oranga whānui o te hapori.
2. Ko te tikanga o te mātauranga reo pāpori he whakanoho i te reo hei mea reo taurangi, kātahi ka hono i tēnei rerekētanga ki ngā hanganga pāpori me ngā horopaki whakamahinga. Ko tōna whāinga matua he whakamārama i ngā tauira o te rerekētanga me te huringa o te reo i runga i ngā āhuatanga pāpori.
Ara, ka pātai te mātauranga ahurea o te reo "he aha te tikanga ahurea o te kōrero a te tangata?", ko te mātauranga pāpori reo ia ka pātai "me pēhea te awe o te hapori ki te āhua o te reo e whakamahia ana me tōna horapa?".
Ngā Rerekētanga o te Tikanga Pūtaiao me te Papamuri Whakahau
I whānau mai te mātauranga tangata reo i te tikanga mātauranga tangata (ina koa te mātauranga iwi), ko te mātauranga pāpori i whanake mai i ngā tikanga reo me te mātauranga pāpori.
– He tata te mātauranga ahurea ki te mātauranga ahurea: he roa te mahi mara, he whai wāhi ki te oranga hapori, me te whakamārama i te tikanga.
– He maha ngā wā ka taupatupatu te mātauranga reo pāpori me te mātauranga reo: te ine i ngā rerekētanga o te oro, te āhua o te kupu, te whiriwhiri kupu rānei; te mahere i ngā reo ā-iwi; te whakaputa kōrero whānui i runga i ngā raraunga whānui.
Heoi, he mea nui kia maumahara he maha ngā wā ka tangohia mai e ēnei mara e rua ngā ariā tetahi i tetahi. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia hoki e te mātauranga reo pāpori o ēnei rā te huarahi ahurea; i te wā e taea ai e te mātauranga reo te whakahaere i ngā tātaritanga reo tino taipitopito.
Ngā Rerekētanga o ngā Tikanga Rangahau
Ko te rerekētanga e whai ake nei ka kitea i roto i ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
Tikanga Anthropology Reo
– Te tātaritanga iwi o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero: te mātakitaki me te whai wāhi atu ki te oranga o te hapori kia mārama ai ki ngā ture o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.
– Te mātakitaki i te hunga whai wāhi mō te wā roa.
– He tātari kōrero e aro ana ki te horopaki ahurea me te taunekeneke.
– He kohinga kōrero tuku iho, he kōrero kawa, he mahi kōrero, me te tuhi i ngā reo e tata ana ki te ngaro.
Ko ngā hua he whakaahuatanga matotoru o ngā mahi reo me ngā tikanga ahurea.
Ngā Tikanga Reo Pāpori
– Ngā rangahau me ngā uiuinga kua whakaritea hei kohikohi raraunga mai i ngā kaikōrero maha.
– Ngā rangahau rerekētanga: te tatau i te auau o te putanga mai o ngā āhuatanga reo (hei tauira, ētahi whakahua reo) i roto i ngā rōpū pāpori rerekē.
– Te mahere reo me ngā rangahau tau mō ngā panonitanga reo.
– Te tātaritanga tatauranga o ngā waiaro reo.
Ko te mutunga iho he tauira rerekētanga: ko wai ka whakamahi i tēhea momo, āhea, me roto i ēhea āhuatanga.
Ngā Rerekētanga o ngā Wāhanga Tātari
– He maha ngā wā ka tātarihia e te mātauranga reo ngā kaupapa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hei wāhanga o ngā pūnaha ahurea: ngā kawa, ngā hui, ngā whiriwhiringa tikanga, ngā tukanga rongoā tuku iho, tae atu ki ngā mahi whakakatakata ā-rohe. Ko te wae tātari he "kaupapa kōrero" me ngā tikanga, ngā kaiuru, ngā whāinga, me ngā tohu ahurea.
– He maha ngā wā ka tātarihia e te mātauranga reo pāpori ngā rerekētanga i te taumata o ngā oro, ngā kupu, ngā hanganga motuhake rānei: te whiriwhiri i ngā kupu whakakapi, te rerekētanga o te whakapuakitanga kupu, te nekehanga waehere, ngā momo ōkawa-kore ōkawa, me ērā atu.
Tauira Whakataurite Take
Hei tauira, kei reira ngā rangahau mō te whakamahinga o ngā reo ā-rohe me te reo Initonīhia i roto i tētahi kāinga e noho tāone ana.
– Tērā pea ka inehia e ngā kairangahau reo pāpori: te auau o te whakamahinga a ngā tāngata whenua i ngā reo ā-rohe me te reo Initonīhia, ko ēhea reanga tau ka nui ake te whakawhitiwhiti reo, me te pānga o te mātauranga ki te whiriwhiri reo.
– Tērā pea ka tūhuratia e ngā kairangahau mātauranga reo: te tikanga tohu o ngā reo ā-rohe mō te tuakiri me te wairua o te "tangata o te rohe," te whakamahinga o te reo i roto i ngā kawa, te āhua o te whakama, te whakahīhī rānei e hangaia ana i roto i ngā wheako o mua, me te hononga o ngā huringa reo ki ngā huringa o ngā uara me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā whakatipuranga.
He rite tonu ngā kaupapa e kōrerohia ana e rāua tokorua, engari he rerekē pea te kaupapa me te hohonutanga o te whakamārama.
Te Wāhi Hui me te Taupoki
Ahakoa he rerekē, e taupatupatu ana ēnei mara e rua. Ka taea te ako i ngā kaupapa pēnei i te whakawhiti waehere, te ariā reo, te tuakiri, me te mana e ngā mea e rua. Ko te rerekētanga ko te aro nui o te mātauranga reo pāpori ki ngā tauira pāpori me te tohatoha o ngā rerekētanga; ko te mātauranga ahurea reo he aro nui ake ki ngā mahi ahurea, tohu, me ngā mahi o ia rā e hangai ana ki taua rerekētanga.
I ngā whanaketanga hou, he maha ngā kairangahau e whakakotahi ana i ngā huarahi: te whakamahi i ngā raraunga tauanga hei mahere i ngā rerekētanga, kātahi ka whakamahi i te mātauranga iwi hei whakamārama he aha i whai tikanga ai taua rerekētanga ki te hapori.
Whakamutunga
E ako ana te mātauranga reo matatini me te mātauranga pāpori-reo i te reo i roto i ngā horopaki pāpori, engari he rerekē ngā aronga o rāua. E titiro ana te mātauranga reo matatini ki te reo hei wāhanga nui o te ahurea, ā, e aro nui ana ki te tikanga, te mahi, me te horopaki ahurea. E aro nui ana te mātauranga pāpori-reo ki ngā rerekētanga reo i roto i te hapori, ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori e awe ana i te whiriwhiri reo, me ngā tauira o te huringa reo ka taea te mātakitaki pūnaha me te maha o ngā wā i runga i te rahinga.
He mea nui te mārama ki te rerekētanga hei whiriwhiri i te huarahi tika mō āu whāinga rangahau: ahakoa kei te hiahia koe ki te whakamārama i te reo hei whakaaturanga o te ahurea me te tuakiri, kei te hiahia rānei koe ki te mahere i ngā rerekētanga reo me tōna whanaungatanga ki ngā hanganga pāpori. Hei whakamutunga, ka tautokohia e ngā mea e rua tetahi ki tetahi i roto i te whakamārama i tetahi mea: he whakaata, he taputapu hoki te reo hei hanga i te oranga tangata.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te āwhina mā te tāpiri i ngā tauira rangahau i Initonīhia, he rārangi o ngā tino tangata me ngā ariā i ia mara, mā te whakahiato rānei i tēnei tuhinga ki roto i te whakatakotoranga pepa mātauranga me te kupu whakataki–tikanga–kōrero–whakatau me te rārangi pukapuka.
