Huarahi Whānui i roto i te Anthropology Reo
Ko te mātauranga reo he peka o te pūtaiao e ako ana i te reo hei mahi pāpori-ahurea: me pēhea te whakamahinga, te māramatanga, te tuku, te tautohetohe, me te whakarerekētanga o te reo i roto i te oranga o ia rā. He rerekē ki te mātauranga reo hanganga, e whakanoho ana i te reo hei pūnaha tohu ka taea te tātari i roto, e whakanui ana te mātauranga reo i te hononga i waenga i te reo me te tangata—me te hītori, te tuakiri, ngā whanaungatanga mana, ngā kare ā-roto, ngā uara, me ngā hanganga pāpori. Koinei te wāhi e tino hira ai te "huarahi whānui": kāore te reo e tū takitahi, engari e honoa ana ki ngā momo āhuatanga o te wheako tangata.
Te Tikanga o te "Holistic" i roto i te Anthropology Reo
Ko te huarahi whānui ko te tirohanga whānui ki te reo mā roto i ngā paparanga maha o te horopaki. Tuatahi, ko te horopaki moroiti: ngā huihuinga kōrero, te whiriwhiri kupu, te reo, ngā nekehanga, me te tangata e kōrero ana ki a wai i roto i tētahi āhuatanga. Tuarua, ko te horopaki waenga: ngā tikanga hapori, ngā whare wānanga (kura, whānau, wāhi karakia, tari kāwanatanga), me ngā whatunga pāpori e hanga ana i ngā tikanga reo. Tuatoru, ko te horopaki whānui: te hītori o te koroni, ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga, te ōhanga tōrangapū, te nekenekehanga, me ngā ariā reo e awe ana i te mea e kiia nei ko te "reo pai," te "reo paerewa," te "reo kāinga" rānei.
Ko te tikanga o te whakakotahitanga i roto i te mātauranga reo, ko te whakakotahi i ngā tikanga me ngā tirohanga kanorau. Ehara i te mea ko te tatau noa i ngā auau kupu a ngā kairangahau engari ko te whakahaere i te mātauranga iwi: te noho tahi me ngā hapori, te tirotiro i ngā mahi o ia rā, te uiui i ngā kaikōrero, te tuhi i ngā taunekeneke, me te whakamārama i ngā tikanga pāpori kei muri i ngā momo reo. Ehara i te mea ko te whakaahua noa i ngā rerekētanga reo, engari ko te mārama hoki he aha te hiranga o taua rerekētanga ki ōna kaikōrero.
Te Reo hei Mahi Hapori: Mai i te Hanganga ki te Whakamahinga
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha matua o te mātauranga reo ko te tirohanga ki te reo hei mahi (te kōrero hei mahi), ehara i te mea he whakaaturanga noa iho. Ka rerekē pea ngā tikanga o te rerenga kōrero kotahi i runga i te āhuatanga, ngā whanaungatanga pāpori, me ngā hiahia o te kaikōrero. Hei tauira, ko te kupu "He tino atamai koe" he mihi pono, he whakatoi, he momo pēhanga pāpori rānei—i runga i te reo, te horopaki o te kōrero, me te hītori o te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā rōpū.
Mā te huarahi whānui, ka neke atu te tātari i "ngā mea e kīia ana" ki "ngā mea e mahia ana" me taua whakapuakitanga: te hanga i te kotahitanga, te whakaiti, te whakaū i te mana, te whiriwhiri, te karo i te pakanga, te whakaatu rānei i tētahi tuakiri motuhake. Nō reira, ko ngā āhuatanga mahi me ngā āhuatanga whakaari kei te ngako o te rangahau, tae atu ki te whakamahinga a te tangata i te momo kāhua, te whakakatakata, te mihi, me te ngākau māhaki hei whakahaere i ngā whanaungatanga pāpori.
Te Hononga i waenga i te Reo, te Tuakiri, me te Mema Hapori
I roto i te ao pāpori, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te reo hei tohu tuakiri: te iwi, te karaehe pāpori, te whakatupuranga, te ira tangata, te whakapono, me te hononga tōrangapū. Mā te huarahi whānui ka kite tātou kāore te tuakiri e herea noatia ki te reo, engari ka whiriwhiria mā roto i ngā mahi kōrero. Ka taea e te tangata te tangi ōkawa ake i te mahi, te tangi noa ake i te kāinga, me te tangi "hou" ake i te ipurangi. Ehara ēnei huringa i te mea he huringa kupu noa iho, engari he rautaki pāpori mō te urutau, te whakaatu rānei i tētahi āhua motuhake.
Hei tauira, ko te whiriwhiri i waenga i ngā reo ā-rohe, te reo Initonīhia, me ngā momo reo whakauru (te whakawhiti waehere me te whakaranu waehere) he tohu i te tata, i te tawhiti rānei o te hapori. I ētahi hapori tāone nui, ko te whakamahinga o ngā reo ā-rohe ka taea te whakanui i te kotahitanga me te "whakaaro o te kāinga kotahi," ko te reo Initonīhia paerewa ia ka taea te tohu i te ngaiotanga, te mana rānei. Heoi, kāore ēnei tikanga pāpori e whānui; e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hītori o te hekenga mai, te whakama, me ngā ariā reo e noho whānui ana i roto i te hapori.
Te Reo, te Mana, me te Whakaaroaro: Ko Wai te Mea "Tika"?
E whakaatu ana hoki te huarahi whānui i te hononga o te reo ki te mana. Ko ngā ariā reo he whakapono whānui mō te "tika" o te whakamahi i te reo—hei tauira, te whakaaro he mōhio ake ngā momo reo paerewa, he mana ake ētahi reo ā-reo, he ārai rānei i te ahunga whakamua ngā reo ā-rohe. Ka taea e ēnei whakapono te hanga i ngā kaupapa here mātauranga, ngā mahi kimi mahi, tae atu ki te āhua o te hunga pāpāho e tohu ana i ētahi rōpū.
I roto i te horopaki Initonīhia, ka taea te tātari whānui i te tautohetohe mō te "reo Initonīhia pai, tika hoki": ehara i te mea ko te wetereo anake, engari ko te mana (ko wai kei a ia te tika ki te whakawā), te urunga ki te mātauranga (ko wai kei a ia te whai wāhi ki te mōhio ki ngā momo reo paerewa), me te nekehanga pāpori (me pēhea te pānga o te reo ki ngā whai wāhitanga mahi). Nō reira, ka taea e te mātauranga tangata reo te whakaatu i ngā rerekētanga e huna ana i muri i te kōrero mō ngā "hē reo."
Ngā Tikanga Whakamātautau Iwi: Te Hopu i te Uaua o te Reo
Ko te ira tangata te kaupapa matua o tētahi huarahi whānui. Ka tirotirohia e ngā kairangahau te tangata, ka whai wāhi ki ngā mahi o ia rā, ā, ka hangaia he whakawhirinakitanga ki te hapori. Ehara i te mea ko ngā kōrerorero kua tuhia anake kei roto i ngā raraunga kua kohia, engari ko ngā tuhipoka mō ngā āhuatanga, ngā tūnga o te tinana, ngā āhua o te kanohi, ngā taonga tuku iho (hei tauira, ngā pānui, ngā tuhinga whaimana, ngā karere WhatsApp), me te hītori o te rohe.
He mea nui tēnei huarahi nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka puta te tikanga reo mai i ngā kōrero iti noa iho. Ko te āhua o te kata a te tangata i muri i te whakapuaki i tētahi rerenga kōrero, te wā okioki i mua i te whakautu, te kōwhiringa wāhitau rānei (pēnei i te "koe," "koe," "koe," "tāne/wahine rānei") ka whai wāhi pea ki ngā kōrero pāpori whai kiko. Ka akiaki te Holism i ngā kairangahau kia kaua e wehea ngā raraunga reo mai i tōna taiao pāpori engari kia tirohia te reo hei wāhanga o te "taiao whakawhitiwhiti kōrero."
Te Huringa Reo i te Ao Hou: Te Pāpāho Mamati me te Nekenekehanga
I tēnei ao matihiko, kei te piki haere te hiranga o te mātauranga tangata reo. Ka hangaia e te pāpāho pāpori he wāhi hou hei hanga tuakiri, hei hora i ngā momo kāhua, hei tautohetohe hoki i te tikanga. Ehara i te mea ko ngā meme, ngā kōrero, ngā tohu pae, ngā ia kupu motuhake rānei he āhuatanga reo anake, engari he mahi ahurea anō hoki. Ka tirohia e te huarahi whānui te āhua o te hangarau hei takawaenga i ngā taunekeneke: me pēhea te hanga a ngā rauropi, ngā paerewa tūāpapa, me ngā hunga whakarongo kāore e kitea i te āhua o te tuhituhi me te kōrero a te tangata.
Hei tāpiri atu, ka puta he hononga reo kaha nā te nekeneke me te hekenga. I ngā tāone nui, ka tūtaki te tangata ki ngā reo me ngā reo maha, ka puta he momo hou, ka tīmata hoki te whiriwhiringa tuakiri. He maha ngā wā ka puta he taupatupatu: ko ētahi e whakanui ana i te kanorau, ko ētahi e hiahia ana kia whakapūmautia. Mā te huarahi whānui, ka mārama te huringa reo hei hua o te taunekeneke uaua i waenga i te ōhanga, te mātauranga, te pāpāho, me te kaupapa here.
Ngā Whakamahinga: Mātauranga, Tiaki Reo, me te Tika Hapori
He huarahi whānui i roto i te mātauranga mātauranga, ehara i te mea ariā anake; engari he pānga mahi anō hoki. Hei tauira, i roto i te mātauranga, ka taea e te rangahau whānui te āwhina i te hoahoa i ngā akoranga e whakanui ana i ngā momo reo o ngā ākonga. Engari i te titiro ki ngā reo taketake hei mea whakararuraru, ka taea e ngā kura te mōhio he maha ngā rautaki whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a ngā reo maha. He mea nui tēnei hei whakaiti i te whakamā ki ngā kaikōrero o ngā reo ā-rohe, ki ngā momo reo rerekē rānei.
I roto i te tiaki reo, e whakamahara ana te wairua whānui ki a tātou ko te "whakaora i te reo" ehara i te tuhi noa i ngā kupu. Kei roto te reo i ngā mahi pāpori: ngā kawa, ngā katakata, ngā kōrero, ngā mihi, me ngā tikanga taunekeneke. Ko ngā mahi whakaora angitu e uru ana ki ngā hapori, te waihanga i ngā wāhi mō te whakamahinga reo, me te whakatairanga i te whakahīhī tuakiri, ehara i te waihanga papakupu, pukapuka wetereo rānei.
I roto i ngā take tika pāpori, ka taea e te mātauranga mātauranga reo te whakatakoto mahere mō te whakahāwea e ahu mai ana i te reo, pērā i te tukino nā te reo, te whakakorenga mahi nā te kore e matatau, te whakaaro pākiki rānei i roto i ngā ratonga tūmatanui. Mā te mārama whānui ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te reo me te mana, ka taea te hanga i ngā wawaotanga kia tika ake—hei tauira, te whakangungu reo-arotahi mō ngā umanga, ngā kaupapa here rānei e mōhio ana ki te hiahia mō te whakamāoritanga.
Te Katinga
Mā te huarahi whānui i roto i te mātauranga reo, ka tono mai kia tirohia te reo hei matapihi, hei taputapu hoki mō te hanga i te oranga pāpori. Ehara te reo i te hanganga noa iho ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā oro, ki ngā ture wetereo rānei, engari he mahi e herea ana ki te hītori, ki te tuakiri, ki ngā kare ā-roto, ki ngā umanga, me ngā whanaungatanga mana. Mā te whakakotahi i te mātauranga iwi, te tātari taunekeneke, me te māramatanga ki ngā horopaki pāpori whānui, ka whakaratohia e te mātauranga reo he tirohanga whānui ake mō te tangata.
Hei whakamutunga, ko te mārama ki te reo i te katoa ko te mārama ki te tangata i te katoa: me pēhea tātou e hanga ai i te ao mā roto i ngā kupu, me pēhea hoki te ao—mā roto i ngā tikanga me te mana—e hanga ana i ngā kupu e kōrerohia ana e tātou. Ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake tēnei huarahi i te pūtaiao anake, engari ka whakatuwhera hoki i te wāhi mō ngā kaupapa here me ngā mahi pāpori tika ake ki te kanorau reo me te ahurea.
