Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kwemikhumbi-ngwenya: Kusukela Emqondweni Kuya Kubuchwepheshe Besimanje
Imikhumbi-ngwenya ingenye yobuchwepheshe bezolwandle obuphawuleka kakhulu obake badalwa isintu. Le mishini yenza abantu bakwazi ukusebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi ngempumelelo ephezulu. Umlando wemikhumbi-ngwenya ugcwele izinto ezintsha, izivivinyo, kanye nemisebenzi yobunjiniyela ekhombisa izigaba ezahlukene zentuthuko yobuchwepheshe . Lesi sihloko sizohlola umlando omude kanye nentuthuko yobuchwepheshe bemikhumbi-ngwenya ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Imiqondo Yokuqala Nokuphefumulelwa
ULeonardo da Vinci kanye nemidwebo yakuqala
Umqondo womkhumbi-ngwenya uqala emuva eNkathini Yokuvuselelwa Kwezinto Zasendulo. ULeonardo da Vinci, isazi sezibalo sase-Italy, wadweba umqondo wokuqala womkhumbi-ngwenya ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15. Nakuba lo mklamo ungakaze usetshenziswe ngendlela ebonakalayo, imibono nemiklamo kaDa Vinci yasebenza njengesisekelo sezinto ezintsha zesikhathi esizayo.
UCornelis Drebbel kanye nomfanekiso wokuqala
Umqondo womkhumbi ocwiliswa emanzini waqala ukuqalwa nguCornelis Drebbel, unjiniyela waseDashi, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17. UDrebbel wadala umkhumbi wamanzi owawukwazi ukucwila ujule ngamamitha angu-15 futhi wawusetshenziswa ngesandla. Kubikwa ukuthi lo mkhumbi wamanzi wahlolwa eMfuleni iThames, eLondon, phambi kweNkosi uJames I.
Isikhathi Sokuqala Nentuthuko
I-Submarine Yokuqala YaseMelika: Ufudu
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezinguquko yaseMelika ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, umkhumbi-ngwenya wokuqala owaziwayo owasetshenziswa empini kwakuyi-"Turtle," eyaklanywa nguDavid Bushnell. Umkhumbi-ngwenya wawuyisikebhe esimise okwegoda esenziwe ngokhuni nensimbi. Wawusetshenziswa ngezandla ngama-pedal futhi wawusetshenziselwa ukubeka izimayini emikhunjini yaseBrithani. Nakuba ungaphumelelanga emizamweni yawo, umkhumbi-ngwenya waba yisandulela somkhumbi-ngwenya wezempi wanamuhla.
UHL Hunley kanye neMpi Yombango yaseMelika
Kamuva, ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango yaseMelika ngekhulu le-19, umkhumbi-ngwenya weConfederate u-H.L. Hunley waphumelela emsebenzini wawo wokuqala wokulwa, wacwilisa isikebhe sempi i-Union USS Housatonic. Ngeshwa, umkhumbi-ngwenya i-H.L. Hunley nawo wacwila kule nqubo, wabulala bonke abasebenzi bawo. Lokhu kubonisa izinselele zokuqala ezazibhekene nokusebenzisa imikhumbi-ngwenya yezempi.
Intuthuko Yezobuchwepheshe Ekhulwini Lama-20
Imikhumbi-ngwenya Esebenzisa Udizili Nogesi
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bomusi kanye namandla kagesi buthuthuka, imikhumbi-ngwenya esebenzisa udizili yaqala ukuthuthukiswa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. U-E.B. Whitehead noJohn Philip Holland baqala ukuklama imikhumbi-ngwenya esebenza kahle futhi ephumelelayo. IHolland yaphumelela ekwakheni i-USS Holland (SS-1), eyaba yimikhumbi-ngwenya yokuqala eyathunyelwa ngokusemthethweni yi-United States Navy.
IMpi Yezwe I
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe I, imikhumbi-ngwenya yaba yisikhali esibalulekile. IJalimane yathembela ezikebheni ze-U ukuze ibhubhise imikhumbi yokuhweba yama-Allied, okuyinto okubangela ukushoda kokunikezwa kwempahla nokuphakamisa ukukhathazeka komhlaba wonkeLeli qhinga labonakala lisebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwemikhumbi-ngwenya empini kwaqala ukuthandwa.
IMpi Yezwe II
IMpi Yezwe II yaphawula inkathi entsha kwezobuchwepheshe bemikhumbi-ngwenya. Womabili amazwe ahlangene kanye ne-Axis atshale imali eningi ekuthuthukisweni kwemikhumbi-ngwenya. Imikhumbi-ngwenya yaseJalimane, eyaziwa ngokuthi izikebhe ze-Type VII U, yayiphakathi kwemikhumbi-ngwenya ephumelele kakhulu futhi eyabangela umonakalo omkhulu emikhunjini ye-Allied. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-US Navy yathuthukisa imikhumbi-ngwenya esebenzisa udizili kagesi ekwazi ukuqapha amanzi ajulile asePacific, iphazamise izintambo zokuhambisa zaseJapan futhi isize ekunqobeni impi ePacific.
Inguquko Yenuzi
Umkhumbi Wokuqala Wenuzi: I-USS Nautilus
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, ubuchwepheshe benyukliya baletha izinguquko ezinkulu ekuklanyweni nasekusebenzeni kwemikhumbi-ngwenya. I-USS Nautilus yayiyimikhumbi-ngwenya yokuqala emhlabeni esebenzisa amandla enyukliya, eyasungulwa ngo-1954 yi-United States Navy. Amandla enyukliya avumela iNautilus ukuba icwile isikhathi eside futhi ijule kunanoma yimuphi umkhumbi-ngwenya wangaphambilini. Lolu guquko lwavula indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwemikhumbi-ngwenya ehlakaniphile ekwazi ukuthwala izikhali zenuzi.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwemikhumbi-ngwenya Ye-Ballistic
Isikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi sabona ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhumbi-ngwenya ekwazi ukuthwala imicibisholo yenuzi, okwenza yaba yingxenye ebalulekile yemfundiso "ye-nuclear triad", eyayihlanganisa amabhomu enuzi akwazi ukukhishwa esuka ezweni, emoyeni, nasolwandle. Imikhumbi-ngwenya ekwazi ukudubula izikhali zenuzi (SSBNs) yaba yingxenye ebalulekile yokuvimbela izikhali zenuzi emhlabeni wonke, ngokufihla kwayo kanye nobubanzi bayo obungenamkhawulo.
Imikhumbi-ngwenya Yanamuhla Neyesikhathi Esizayo
Ubuchwepheshe Obuyimfihlo
Ezintuthukweni zakamuva, ubuchwepheshe bokucasha kanye nokunciphisa umsindo sebugxile kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi-ngwenya. Lobu buchwepheshe bokucasha benza kube nzima ukubona imikhumbi-ngwenya nge-sonar yesitha. Imikhumbi-ngwenya yesimanje iphinde ifakwe izinzwa ezahlukahlukene ezithuthukisiwe, izinhlelo zekhompyutha zokuzulazula nokuhlasela, kanye namakhono asebenzisana kakhulu nemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi.
Ubuhlakani Bokwenziwa (i-AI) kanye Nokuzenzakalela
Intuthuko kwezobunhloli bokwenziwa (i-AI) kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuzenzakalela ibonise amandla okuguqula imisebenzi yangaphansi kwamanzi. Ngokusebenzisa i-AI, imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ingenziwa ngokunemba okukhulu kanye nengozi ephansi kubasebenzi. Ucwaningo kubuchwepheshe be-drone engaphansi kwamanzi luvula nethuba lokuthuthukisa imikhumbi-ngwenya engenamuntu engasetshenziswa kude.
Ucwaningo Nokuhlola Olwandle Olujulile
Ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezempi, imikhumbi-ngwenya nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwesayensi kanye nokuhlola okujulile kolwandle. Imikhumbi-ngwenya efana ne-Alvin isetshenziswe ukuhlola ukujula kolwandle, okuhlanganisa nokutholakala kwendawo ye-Titanic. Lolu cwaningo luveze imibono eminingi mayelana nolwandle. isayensi yezinto zasolwandle, i-geology engaphansi kwamanzi, kanye nezinhlelo zemvelo ezingavamile zasemanzini ajulile ezazingafinyeleleki ngaphambili.
Ukuhlola Nokucwaninga Kwesikhathi Esizayo
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buthuthuka, ikusasa lemikhumbi-ngwenya libukeka lithembisa kakhulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe, njengokusetshenziswa kwezinhlanganisela ezilula neziqinile kanye nezinhlelo zamandla ezisebenza kahle, kungathuthukisa kakhulu ikhono lemikhumbi-ngwenya, ububanzi, kanye nokuthembeka. Ukubambisana phakathi kwamazwe nakho kungasheshisa ukusungula izinto ezintsha kule ndawo.
I-Penutup
Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwemikhumbi-ngwenya uwuphawu lokuthi ubuchwepheshe babantu kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kuqhubeka kanjani. Kusukela kusibonelo esilula sikaCornelis Drebbel kuya emikhunjini yesimanje yenyukliya kanye nezinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo eziqhutshwa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, isigaba ngasinye salolu hambo sibonisa imiphumela yokusebenza kanzima, ukuzinikela, kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe okungapheli. Kusukela phambili, imikhumbi-ngwenya izoqhubeka nokuba ithuluzi eliyisu, eliwusizo hhayi nje kuphela emkhakheni wezempi kodwa futhi njengesihluthulelo sokuqonda izimfihlakalo ezijulile zolwandle.
