Ucwaningo Lwe-Physical Oceanography Ngokwakheka Kwamanje Kwe-Eddy Olwandle LwaseBanda
I-Pendahuluan
ULwandle iBanda lungenye yamanzi ajulile futhi anamandla kakhulu e-Indonesia. Lutholakala engxenyeni esempumalanga yesiqhingi futhi luzungezwe amaqembu eziqhingi njengeSeram, iBuru, kanye neziQhingi zaseBanda, kanye nezintambo zesiqhingi zaseNusa Tenggara naseMaluku, uLwandle iBanda lusebenza "njengesitsha" solwandle esidlala indima ebalulekile ekujikelezeni kolwandle lwesifunda. Ezifundweni ze-oceanography ezingokoqobo, into eyodwa evelele kulesi sifunda ukwakheka kwama-eddies, imisinga yolwandle ephakathi nendawo engahlala izinsuku kuya ezinyangeni. Imisinga yama-eddy ayithakazelisi nje kuphela ukufundwa ngombono we-fluid dynamics kodwa futhi ithinta ukusatshalaliswa kwezinga lokushisa, usawoti, izakhamzimba, umkhiqizo oyinhloko, kanye nemizila yokufuduka kwe-biota yasolwandle. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela ama-eddies akha ngayo oLwandle iBanda, izici ezilawulayo, izindlela zokubuka, kanye nemiphumela yazo yesayensi nesebenzayo.
Izici zomzimba zoLwandle iBanda
Ngokwe-bathymetric, uLwandle iBanda lunesitsha esijulile esinobunzulu obungaphezu kwamamitha angu-5.000 kwezinye izindawo. Ukuba khona kwalesi sitsha esijulile kuhlukanisa uLwandle iBanda nezinye izilwandle eziningi eziseceleni e-Indonesia. I-topography eyinkimbinkimbi yaphansi kolwandle, ukuba khona kwama-sill ezindaweni eziningana zokungena nokuphuma kwamanzi amaningi, kanye nesimo esivaliwe salesi sitsha kuphumela empendulweni ehlukile yokujikeleza kwemimoya kanye ne-Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). Ngokombono oguquguqukayo, inhlanganisela yokujula, i-topography, kanye nemingcele yesiqhingi kudala izimo ezifanele zokukhiqizwa kwe-eddy ngokusebenzisa izindlela zamanje zokungazinzi kanye nokusebenzisana kwemisinga nokukhululeka kwaphansi kolwandle.
Ukuqonda ama-eddies ku-physical oceanography
I-eddy isakhiwo sokujikeleza esijikelezayo esingajikeleza ngokwewashi (i-anticyclonic eNingizimu Yenkabazwe) noma ngokumelene newashi (i-cyclonic). ENingizimu Yenkabazwe, ama-cyclonic eddies avame ukukhiqiza ukuphakama (ukuphakanyiswa kwezinqwaba zamanzi kusuka ezingqimbeni eziphansi kuya phezulu), okuholela emazingeni okushisa aphansi ebusweni kanye namazinga aphezulu ezakhamzimba. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-anticyclonic eddies avame ukuhlotshaniswa nokwehla (ukucindezela okuphansi kwezinqwaba zamanzi), okuholela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ebusweni kanye nengqimba ehlanganisiwe ebanzi. Izikali ze-Eddy zivame ukuba ngamakhilomitha angamashumi kuya kwamakhulu, futhi amandla azo e-kinetic makhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokwehluka kwezinga elincane emifudlaneni yangemuva.
Indima yezimvula ezinkulu kanye namandla omoya ongaphezulu
Isifunda saseBanda Sea sithonywe kakhulu uhlelo lwezimvula zase-Asia-Australia. Ngesikhathi sezimvula zasempumalanga (cishe ngoJuni-Septhemba), imimoya yaseningizimu-mpumalanga ivame ukuba namandla futhi izinzile. Le mimoya ibangela ukuthuthwa kwe-Ekman, okungasusa amanzi angaphezulu kwezinye izindawo ezisogwini/emathafeni aseziqhingini, kwandise ukuphakama, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho ukuqondiswa kogu lolwandle kuthanda ukuhlukahluka kobuso. Esikalini se-basin, amaphethini okucindezeleka komoya kanye nokwehluka kwawo kungadala ukugoba kokucindezeleka komoya, okudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni ukuhlukahluka noma ukuhlangana kwamakholomu amanzi. Ukugoba okuhle (kwezinye izindlela) kungaqhuba i-Ekman ikhuphuke, ibangele ukuphakama kwe-thermocline futhi kwandise amathuba okwakheka kwe-cyclonic eddy.
Ngesikhathi semvula yasentshonalanga (cishe ngoDisemba kuya kuMashi), imimoya yasentshonalanga kanye namaphethini emvula ayaqina. Ukushintsha kwendlela yomoya kanye namandla ayo kushintsha isakhiwo semisinga yomhlaba kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwayo. Ukuguquka kwemvula kuvame ukuba nokuguquguquka komoya okuphezulu, okungabangela amagagasi kanye nokungazinzi kwamanje okube sekuphenduka ama-eddies.
Ithonya le-Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) kanye nokushintshaniswa kwamanzi
ULwandle iBanda lusemzileni obalulekile wokushintshaniswa kwamanzi amaningi ukusuka ePacific kuya e-Indian Ocean ngohlelo lwe-ITF. Ukugeleza kwe-ITF, okudlula emgudwini we-Halmahera-Seram nakwezinye izindawo zokungena, kuthwala amanzi amaningi anezici ezithile zokushisa kanye nosawoti. Lapho ukugeleza kunamandla futhi kuhlangana nezithiyo ze-topographic noma izinguquko ebubanzini obuqondile, kudalwa i-gradient yejubane elivundlile (i-shear), okwandisa amathuba okungazinzi kwe-barotropic. Lokhu kungazinzile kuyindlela ejwayelekile yokwenza i-eddy: lapho ugesi oyinhloko uhlangabezana nokucheba okunamandla, ukuphazamiseka okuncane kungakhula futhi kwakheke ama-eddies.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umehluko wobuningi ngenxa yokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kanye nosawoti kungabangela ukungazinzi kwe-baroclinic, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingaphambili (izindawo lapho izinqwaba zamanzi zihlangana khona) noma ezizungeze ama-thermoclines aphakanyiswa yi-upwelling. Ukungazinzi kwe-baroclinic kuvame ukuguqula amandla angaba khona (ngenxa ye-density gradients) abe amandla e-eddy kinetic. Ulwandle lwaseBanda, olunezinkathi zalo ezihlukile kanye nokufakwa kwesisindo samanzi, lunikeza indawo evumelana nazo zombili izinhlobo zokungazinzi.
Ukusebenzisana kwemisinga ne-topography: "ukuqondisa kwe-topographic" kanye nokwelula i-vortex
Imingcele yesiqhingi, imithambeka emide, imingcele yaphansi kolwandle, kanye nemigodi ejulile konke kungalawula imisinga (ukuqondisa kwesimo sendawo). Lapho imisinga idlula ezindaweni ezinde noma eziwa ngokujula, ikholomu yamanzi ibhekana nezinguquko ekujikeni okusebenzayo. Ngaphakathi kohlaka lokulondolozwa kwemithambeka emide, izinguquko ekujikeni kwekholomu yamanzi zingaholela ekuqineni noma ebuthakathakeni bokujikeleza (ukwelula imithambeka noma ukucindezela). Isibonelo, lapho ikholomu yamanzi "inwetshwa" emanzini ajulile, imithambeka ehlobene ingashintsha ukuze igcine imithambeka emide, okwenza kube lula ukuthi imiphetho yakheke noma iqine. OLwandle iBanda, ukuhlanganiswa kwemithambeka nemigodi ejulile kwenza le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu.
URossby ubingelela uKelvin, kanye nabashayeli bokuguquguquka kwesizini
Ngaphezu kwemimoya kanye nemisinga yangemuva, ama-eddies angathonywa futhi ukusabalala kwamagagasi eplanethi njengamagagasi eRossby kanye namagagasi eKelvin asogwini. Ukuguquguquka kwangaphakathi kwesizini, isibonelo okuhlobene ne-Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), kungalawula ukucindezeleka komoya kanye nemvula, ngaleyo ndlela kuthonye ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokujikeleza kwegazi. Ukusabalalisa amagagasi eRossby kungahlela "ukungalingani" kwezinga lolwandle futhi kukhulise ukuphazamiseka okube sekuba ama-eddies. Ekubonweni kwesathelayithi, ama-eddies avame ukubonakala njengezinkinga ezinhle noma ezimbi ezingeni lolwandle ezihamba kancane ngokuya nge-geostrophic dynamics.
Izindlela zokubuka nokuhlaziya ze-Eddy oLwandle iBanda
Izifundo zesimanje ze-eddy ngokuvamile zihlanganisa imithombo eminingana yedatha:
1. I-altimetry yesathelayithi: Ilinganisa ukungalingani kwezinga lolwandle, okungatholakala emifudlaneni ye-geostrophic engaphezulu. I-Eddy ingabonakala ngephethini ye-contour ye-SLA eyindilinga.
2. I-SST (Ukushisa Kolwandle) nombala wolwandle: Ama-cyclonic eddies avame ukubonakala epholile futhi ecebile nge-chlorophyll, kuyilapho ama-anticyclonic eddies efudumele futhi avame ukuba mancane nge-chlorophyll.
3. I-Argo float kanye ne-CTD: Ihlinzeka ngamaphrofayili okushisa nosawoti ukuze kutholakale izinguquko ze-thermocline kanye nezakhiwo eziqondile ze-eddy.
4. Ukubopha kanye ne-ADCP: Ukulinganisa njalo imisinga kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale ukuvela kwe-eddy kanye nokusebenzisana namagagasi kanye ne-ITF.
5. Ukumodela ngezinombolo: Amamodeli anesinqumo esiphezulu angalingisa ukungazinzi kwamanje, imiphumela yesimo sezulu, kanye nokusabela ekuphoqweni komoya. Ukuhlaziywa kwamandla (ukuguqulwa kwe-barotropic/baroclinic) kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlola indlela yokukhiqiza i-eddy evelele.
Le nhlanganisela yezindlela ivumela abacwaningi ukuthi bahlole ubukhulu be-eddy, ubukhali bayo, isikhathi sayo sokuphila, indlela ethatha ngayo indawo, kanye nomphumela wayo ekushintsheni kwamanzi.
Umthelela wama-eddie emvelweni nasemisebenzini yabantu
Ama-Eddy currents athinta ukusatshalaliswa kokushisa nosawoti, ngaleyo ndlela enikela ekulinganisweni kwamandla esifundeni. OLwandle iBanda, ama-cyclonic eddies angacebisa ubuso ngezakhamzimba ngokukhuphula, okungase kwandise umkhiqizo we-phytoplankton. Lokhu kungathinta uchungechunge lokudla lwasolwandle futhi ekugcineni kube ukudoba. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-anticyclonic eddies angacindezela izakhamzimba phansi, adale izimo zokukhiqiza ezingakhiqizi kahle ebusweni.
Emisebenzini yabantu, ukuqonda ama-eddies kuyasiza ku:
– Ukuhlela imisebenzi yasolwandle (isb., ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi kanye nokuhlolwa kwasolwandle) ngoba ama-eddie angashintsha kakhulu imisinga namagagasi.
– Ukuphathwa kwezokudoba ngokuhlonza izindawo ezikhiqizayo ezihambisana nemingcele kanye nemiphetho.
– Ukubikezela isimo sezulu sesifunda ngoba ama-eddies aguqula ukushintshana kokushisa kolwandle nomoya futhi angathonya imvula yendawo.
Isiphetho
Ukwakheka kwemisinga ye-eddy oLwandle iBanda kuwumphumela wokuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kokuphoqeleka kwemvula, ukugeleza kwe-ITF, isakhiwo sobuningi (ukuhlukaniswa), amagagasi olwandle, kanye ne-topography ye-deep basin kanye nemingcele yesiqhingi eyinkimbinkimbi. Izindlela zokungazinzi kwe-barotropic kanye ne-baroclinic, kuhlanganiswe nomphumela wokulondolozwa kwe-vorticity engaba khona njengoba umsinga udlula e-bathymetry eshintshayo, ziyisihluthulelo sokwakheka kwalezi zingqimba eziphakathi nendawo. Izifundo ze-eddy zidinga ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha yesathelayithi, izilinganiso ze-in situ, kanye nemodeli yezinombolo ukuze kutholakale isithombe esiphelele. Ngokuqonda i-eddy dynamics oLwandle iBanda, asigcini nje ngokucebisa i-oceanography ebonakalayo kodwa futhi sithuthukisa ukuphathwa kwezinsiza zasolwandle kanye namakhono okunciphisa ingozi emisebenzini yasolwandle empumalanga ye-Indonesia.
