# Izinto Ezibangela Ukufudumala Komhlaba Olwandle
Ukufudumala komhlaba wonke kuyisimo sokwandisa izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi lomkhathi woMhlaba, olwandle, kanye nomhlaba. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, le ndaba ibe yinto ekhathaza kakhulu ososayensi, izazi zemvelo, kanye nabenzi benqubomgomo emhlabeni jikelele. Izilwandle, ezimboza ngaphezu kuka-70% wobuso boMhlaba, zidlala indima ebalulekile ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele . Ukufudumala kolwandle, noma ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa kwamanzi olwandle, kungenye yezinkomba eziyinhloko zokufudumala komhlaba. Lesi sihloko sizobuyekeza izici eziyinhloko ezibangela ukufudumala komhlaba olwandle.
## 1. Ukukhishwa Kwegesi Ebamba Ukushisa
### a. I-Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
I-carbon dioxide iyigesi ebamba ukushisa ekhiqizwa ngokuyinhloko ngokushiswa kwamafutha anjengelahle, uwoyela, kanye negesi yemvelo. I-CO₂ inekhono lokumunca nokukhipha kabusha imisebe ye-infrared, okubangela umphumela wokushisa ofudumeza umoya woMhlaba. Izilwandle zimunca cishe u-30% we-CO₂ yomoya, kodwa njengoba amazinga e-CO₂ eqhubeka ekhuphuka, ikhono lezilwandle lokumunca le gesi nalo liyancipha, okuholela ekufudumaleni kwezilwandle.
### b. I-Methane (CH₄)
I-Methane iyigesi ebamba ukushisa enamandla kakhulu kune-CO₂ maqondana namandla okufudumala komhlaba. I-Methane ikhiqizwa yimisebenzi yabantu efana nezolimo (ikakhulukazi imfuyo), ukulahlwa kwemfucuza kamasipala, kanye ukuhlola uwoyela negesiNgaphezu kwalokho, i-methane ebanjwe eziqwini zeqhwa ezingaphansi kwamanzi (ama-methane clathrates) ingakhishwa iye emkhathini ngenxa yokufudumala kolwandle, okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukufudumala.
### c. I-Ozone (O₃) kanye namanye amagesi
I-ozone ku-troposphere iyigesi ebamba ukushisa edlala indima ekufudumaleni komkhathi kanye nolwandle. Amanye amagesi, njenge-nitrous oxide (N₂O), nawo anegalelo ekufudumaleni komhlaba. Wonke la magesi andisa umphumela wegesi ebamba ukushisa, okuyiwona obangela ukufudumala kolwandle.
## 2. Ushintsho Lwemvelo kanye Nemisebenzi Yabantu
### a. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokuguqulwa komhlaba
Amahlathi adlala indima ebalulekile ekumunceni i-CO₂ emkhathini. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ikakhulukazi emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo, kunciphisa inani lezihlahla ezikwazi ukumunca i-CO₂. Lokhu kuholela ekukhuleni kwamagesi okushisa emkhathini, okugcina kuphakamisa amazinga okushisa olwandle.
### b. Ukufuduka Kwamadolobha Nezimboni
Ukufudukela emadolobheni kuholela ekwandeni kokukhishwa kwegesi ebanga ukushisa okuvela ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Izimboni ezikhulayo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezithembele ekushisweni kukaphethiloli wezinto ezilahliwe, nazo zinegalelo elikhulu ekwandeni kokukhishwa kwe-CO₂ kanye ne-methane. Imfucuza yezimboni egcina isolwandle ingathinta nekhwalithi yamanzi kanye nezinhlelo zemvelo zasolwandle, okwandisa imiphumela yokufudumala komhlaba.
### c. Ukudoba ngokweqile
Ukudoba ngokweqile akugcini nje ngokunciphisa inani lezinhlanzi kodwa futhi kuthinta yonke indawo yasolwandle. Indawo ezungezile engalingani inganciphisa ikhono lolwandle lokumunca i-CO₂ futhi ilwe nemiphumela yokufudumala.
## 3. Izenzakalo Zemvelo
### a. I-El Niño ne-La Niña
I-El Niño ukufudumala kobuso bolwandle oLwandlekazi iPacific oluphakathi nolusempumalanga. Lesi simo sibangela ukwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa omhlaba wonke, okuhlanganisa amazinga okushisa olwandle. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-La Niña ukupholisa kobuso bolwandle okungathonya amaphethini esimo sezulu somhlaba wonke, yize kuphambene nalokho.
### b. Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu
Izinguquko zemvelo ohlelweni lwesimo sezulu soMhlaba, okuhlanganisa nokuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa lolwandle, zingathinta ukufudumala kolwandle. Lesi simo singase sibonakale ezilinganisweni zesikhathi ezisukela eminyakeni kuya emashumini eminyaka.
## 4. Ukungcoliswa Kwasolwandle
### a. Imfucuza yepulasitiki neyeplastiki encane
Izilwandle zingcoliswa yimfucuza yepulasitiki, okuphazamisa imvelo yasolwandle. Ama-microplastic angamunca ukukhanya kwelanga okwengeziwe ebusweni bolwandle, okungenzeka andise amazinga okushisa olwandle endawo futhi abe nomthelela omubi ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni.
### b. Ukuchitheka Kwamafutha
Ukuchitheka kukawoyela ngenxa yezingozi zamathangi noma ukumba uwoyela ogwini lolwandle kungaba nomthelela wesikhathi esifushane nesikhathi eside emazingeni okushisa olwandle. Uwoyela omboza ubuso bamanzi ingamunca ukushisa okwengeziwe elangeni, inyuse amazinga okushisa emanzini endawo futhi ithinte imvelo yasolwandle.
## 5. Ukuncipha Kwezingqimba Ze-Ozone
Ungqimba lwe-ozone luvikela uMhlaba emisebeni ye-ultraviolet (UV) eyingozi. Ukuncipha kwe-ozone kuvumela imisebe eminingi ye-UV ukuthi ifinyelele ebusweni boMhlaba nasezilwandle, okwandisa amazinga okushisa olwandle. Amanye amakhemikhali akhiqizwa ngabantu, njenge-chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), angalimaza ungqimba lwe-ozone, yize ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuncishiswe kakhulu ngezinqubo zomhlaba wonke.
## 6. Ukwenziwa Kwe-asidi Yolwandle
Njengoba i-CO₂ eningi imuncwa ulwandle, amanzi olwandle aba ne-asidi eningi. Ukwakheka kwe-asidi olwandle kuthinta izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinamagobolondo noma amathambo enziwe nge-calcium carbonate. Le nqubo ingathinta futhi uchungechunge lokudla lwasolwandle kanye nomjikelezo wekhabhoni, okungathinta ikhono lolwandle lokumunca i-CO₂. Lezi zinguquko ngokungaqondile zinegalelo ekufudumaleni kolwandle.
## 7. Izinguquko Emaphethini Amanje Olwandle
Amaphethini wamanzi olwandle afana ne-Gulf Stream kanye ne-Thermohaline Circulation adlala indima ebalulekile ekusabalaliseni ukushisa emhlabeni wonke. Izinguquko kumaphethini wamanzi olwandle, ezithonywa ukufudumala komhlaba, zingashintsha lokhu kusabalala kokushisa. Enye yemiphumela ephawulekayo ukuncibilika kwezingqimba zeqhwa ezimbozwe yi-polar, okufaka amanzi ahlanzekile olwandle, okuthinta ukuminyana kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi olwandle.
## Ukuvala
Ukufudumala komhlaba olwandle kubangelwa izici ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene, kokubili zemvelo kanye nezibangelwa abantu . Ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa njenge-CO₂ kanye ne-methane, ushintsho lokusetshenziswa komhlaba, ukufuduka kwabantu emadolobheni, ukungcola, izenzakalo zemvelo, kanye nokungcola komoya kuyizinto ezibangela le nkinga. Ukuqonda kangcono izimbangela kanye nemiphumela yokufudumala kolwandle kubalulekile ekwakheni amasu okunciphisa kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ukuze kuvikelwe izimiso zemvelo zasolwandle kanye nabantu abathembele kuzo.
Imizamo ehlangene evela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ibalulekile ekubhekaneni nokufudumala komhlaba kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusimama koMhlaba ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa umhlaba, ukuvikela imvelo yasolwandle, kanye nokusebenzisa imikhuba enobungani nemvelo kungenye yezinyathelo ezibalulekile ezingathathwa ukusiza ekuqiniseni amazinga okushisa olwandle kanye nokunciphisa imiphumela emibi yokufudumala komhlaba.
