Ukuhlaziywa Kwezinguquko Zolwandle Emisebenzini Yechweba
I-Pendahuluan
Amachweba ayizindawo ezibalulekile kumanethiwekhi okuthutha, ezohwebo, kanye nokuhamba kwabantu. Ukusebenza kahle kwemisebenzi yechweba kuthonywa yizici eziningi, okuhlanganisa isimo sezulu, amagagasi, umoya, imisinga, kanye nezimo zamanzi njengokujula kweziteshi zechweba kanye nezitsha. Phakathi kwalezi zici, amagagasi adlala indima ebalulekile ngoba ashintsha ngqo ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukwehluka kwamagagasi kungaba yinzuzo lapho kukhulisa ukujula okusebenzayo, kodwa futhi kungaba yisithiyo lapho amagagasi aphansi ebangela imikhumbi ukuba ibe nobunzima bokungena, ukuwela phansi, noma ukulinda. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwamagagasi kuyisici esibalulekile ekuhleleni amachweba, ukusebenza, kanye nokuphepha kwemikhumbi.
Umqondo Oyisisekelo Wama-Tide Nokuhlukahluka Kwawo
Amagagasi olwandle akhuphuka futhi ehla ngenxa yokudonswa ngamandla kweNyanga neLanga emanzini oMhlaba, okuhambisana nethonya lokujikeleza koMhlaba. Empeleni, amagagasi endaweni ethile nawo athonywa ukuma kogu lolwandle, ukujula kwamanzi, ukwakheka kwe-bay, kanye nokuzwakala kwendawo. Ngenxa yalokho, izici zamagagasi olwandle zingahluka phakathi kwamachweba, ngisho nangaphakathi kwamabanga amafushane ngokwendawo.
Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo eziningana zamagagasi:
1. Usuku ngalunye (ngosuku): ukwehla kwamanzi kanye kanye nokwehla kwamanzi kanye ngosuku.
2. Okuphindwe kabili ngosuku (semidiurnal): amagagasi amabili aphezulu kanye namagagasi amabili aphansi ngosuku olulodwa anokuphakama okufanayo.
3. Okuxubile: amagagasi amabili aphezulu naphansi kodwa ukuphakama nesikhathi akufani, ngakho-ke ukuhlukahluka kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Olunye uhlobo olubalulekile ukwehla kwamanzi entwasahlobo kanye nokwehla kwamanzi. Lapho iNyanga, iLanga, kanye noMhlaba sekucishe kulingane (inyanga egcwele noma entsha), ububanzi bokwehla kwamanzi buvame ukuba phezulu (ukwehla kwamanzi entwasahlobo). Okwamanje, lapho iNyanga neLanga zakha i-engeli engama-degree angu-90 eMhlabeni, ububanzi bokwehla kwamanzi buncane (ukwehla kwamanzi). Kumachweba, izinguquko kulolu bubanzi zinemiphumela emazingeni asebenzayo okujula kanye nengozi yokusebenza.
Umthelela Wokushintshashintsha Kwama-Tidal Ekujuleni Kweziteshi Zasechwebeni Namachibi
Ubunzulu bamanzi echwebeni buvame ukuklanywa ngokusekelwe ekuhlanganisweni kobunzulu bemvelo, imiphumela yokudonsa amanzi, kanye nezidingo zokudonsa umkhumbi. Kodwa-ke, ukujula "okulinganisiwe" eshadini le-bathymetric akuhlali kuhambisana nokujula kwangempela nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, njengoba amazinga amanzi eshintshashintsha ngenxa yokwehla kwamanzi. Ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko ukujula okusebenzayo: ukujula komsele/ichibi kanye nezinga lamanzi lamanje ngaphandle kwe-underkeel clearance edingekayo (UKC), okuyibanga eliphephile phakathi kwe-keel yomkhumbi kanye nephansi.
Uma amanzi ephansi, ukujula okusebenzayo kwehla ukuze:
– Imikhumbi emikhulu yokudonsa imithwalo ingase ingakwazi ukungena noma ukuphuma echwebeni.
– Ingozi yokucwila inhlabathi iyanda, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingena amanzi angajulile noma lezo ezinezibi ezisebenzayo.
– Ijubane lokuqondisa lomkhumbi liyancipha ngenxa yesikhala esilinganiselwe esiqondile kanye nomphumela we-squat (umkhumbi “wehla” kancane uma uhamba ngokushesha emanzini angajulile) uba mkhulu kakhulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka kwamanzi, ukujula okusebenzayo kuyanda futhi kuvame ukusetshenziselwa:
– Ingamela imikhumbi emikhulu.
- Hlela ukuhamba/ukufika ukuze unciphise imikhawulo yokubhalisa.
– Kunciphisa isidingo sokumba ngokweqile (yize kusadinga amazinga okuphepha aphansi).
Umphumela Wamagagasi Emihlanganweni Yokumisa Imikhumbi Nokuhamba Kwemikhumbi
Ukusebenza kwechweba kuncike kakhulu ekugcineni isikhathi. Kodwa-ke, izikhathi zemikhumbi zivame ukuvumelana namagagasi. Emachwebeni anezindawo ezinkulu zokudonsa amanzi noma iziteshi ezingajulile, imikhumbi ethile ingasebenza kuphela ngesikhathi samafasitela athile okudonsa amanzi. Imiphumela ifaka:
– Isikhathi sokulinda siyanda lapho umkhumbi ufika lapho amanzi ephansi.
– Ukuminyana endaweni yokumisa imikhumbi ngenxa yemikhumbi eminingi elinde amagagasi aphezulu.
– Ukwehla kokukhiqiza kokulayisha nokulayisha uma umkhumbi ufika sekwephuzile noma kufanele usuke kusenesikhathi ukuze ubambe amanzi amaningi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amachweba ahlanganisa idatha yolwandle ezinhlelweni zawo zokuhlela anganciphisa izikhathi zokulinda. Amachweba amaningi anamuhla asebenzisa ukubikezela kolwandle, i-AIS (Uhlelo Lokuhlonza Okuzenzakalelayo), kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha ukufika kwemikhumbi ukuze ahlele imigqa ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu.
Umthelela Ekulayisheni Nokuthulula Izinto Nokuphepha
Amagagasi athinta nezimo zokusebenza uma umkhumbi usubekwe echwebeni. Izinguquko ezingeni lamanzi zithinta:
– Ukucindezeleka kwemigqa yokubopha: Njengoba izinga lamanzi lenyuka noma lehla, ukuphakama komkhumbi kuyashintsha. Uma imigqa ingalungiswanga kahle, ingaba lukhuni kakhulu noma ikhululeke kakhulu, okungafaka engcupheni yokuphuka noma ibangele ukuthi umkhumbi uhambe.
– Ukusebenza kanye nokufinyelela eGangway: umehluko wokuphakama phakathi kwepier nomkhumbi uyashintsha ngokuhambisana nolwandle, ngakho-ke ukufinyelela kwabasebenzi kumele kulungiswe ukuze kuvinjelwe izingozi.
– Ukusebenza kwe-crane kanye nezindawo zokusebenza: yize ama-dock crane ezinzile, ukushintshashintsha kwesimo somkhumbi kungathinta i-engeli yokusebenza, ikakhulukazi kwezinye izinto ezidinga ukunemba.
Ukuphepha kokuhamba ngemikhumbi kuhlobene futhi nemisinga yolwandle. Imisinga ehambisana namagagasi aphezulu noma aphansi ingandisa ubunzima bokujika, ikakhulukazi eziteshini ezincane, ezindaweni ezijikayo, noma emachwebeni atholakala emifuleni. Imisinga enamandla ingabangela ukuba imikhumbi "imise" (isunduze) ohlangothini oluthile, okwandisa ingozi yokushayisana nezakhiwo zedokhi noma eminye imikhumbi.
Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kwama-Tide kanye Nokudilika Kwenhlabathi kanye Nesidingo Sokuguguleka Kwenhlabathi
Amagagasi ahlobene kakhulu nokuguquguquka kwenhlabathi. Ezindaweni eziningi zokungenisa amanzi, ikakhulukazi lawo atholakala emifuleni noma eduze kwemilomo yemifula, imisinga yamanzi ingathwala inhlabathi iye eziteshini zechweba nasemabhodweni. Imijikelezo yamanzi amaningi ingasunduza izinto ezincane zingene ngaphakathi, kuyilapho amanzi aphansi engazisusa noma azibeke ezindaweni ezithile, ezingenamandla amaningi.
Ukuqongelela kwendle kubangela ukugcwala kodaka, okudinga ukuguguleka njalo kwechweba. Ukuhlaziywa kolwandle kusiza ebalazweni:
– Nini futhi kuphi indawo yokubeka impahla ibaluleke kakhulu.
- Indlela amaphethini wamanzi ageleza ngayo ahlangana ngayo nokuphuma komfula namagagasi.
- Isu elisebenza kahle kakhulu lokumba ukuze kugcinwe ukujula okuphephile.
Ukuguguleka okuhlelwe kahle kuzonciphisa izindleko zokusebenza futhi kunciphise imiphumela emvelweni, njengokungcoliswa kwamanzi noma ukuphazamiseka kwendawo yokuhlala.
Indlela Yokuhlaziya I-Tidal Yezintshisekelo Zechweba
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Tidal ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngezinyathelo eziningana:
1. Ukuqaphela nge-tide gauge ngesikhathi esithile ukuthola idatha emele izinga lamanzi.
2. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Harmonic ukuze kuhlukaniswe izingxenye eziyinhloko zesikhathi sokuhamba kolwandle (isb. i-M2, i-S2, i-K1, i-O1) futhi kubikezelwe ukukhuphuka kolwandle kwesikhathi esizayo.
3. Ukunqunywa kwe-datum eqondile njenge-MSL (Mean Sea Level), i-LAT (Lowest Astronomical Tide), noma i-HAT (Highest Astronomical Tide) esetshenziselwa ukubhekisela ekujuleni nasekuklanyweni.
4. Ukuhlanganiswa nezifundo zokuzulazula okuhlanganisa i-UKC, i-squat, kanye nokubekezelelana kokuphepha.
5. Ukulingisa i-hydrodynamic ezikhumulweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuhlola imisinga yolwandle, inhlabathi kanye nomthelela ekuqondisweni kwemikhumbi.
Esimweni sokusebenza, imiphumela yokuhlaziya isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa “amatafula olwandle oluya echwebeni”, ukunquma amafasitela okungena nokuphuma emkhunjini, kanye nokusekela izinqumo zokushayela kanye nokudonsa imikhumbi.
Isu Lokunciphisa Nokuthuthukisa Ukusebenza Kwechweba
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi yechweba ihlala isebenza kahle naphezu kokushintshashintsha kwamagagasi, kungasetshenziswa amasu amaningana:
– Ukuphathwa kwamafasitela olwandle: ukubeka imithetho kanye namashejuli emikhumbi emikhulu yokudonsa amanzi ngokusekelwe ekubikezelweni kwamaza.
– Ukuguguleka okuzivumelanisa nezimo: ukugxila ezindaweni ezibalulekile zokuguguleka kwenhlabathi nokulungisa imvamisa yokuguguleka kwenhlabathi ngokuvumelana nesikhathi sonyaka kanye nokuguquguquka kwamanje.
– Ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda: ukujula kwemisele, ukulungiswa kwesitsha sokujika, noma ukwakhiwa kwemisele enciphisa ukusabalala kwenhlabathi kanye namagagasi.
– Uhlelo lolwazi lwesikhathi sangempela: ukulinganisa ngqo izinga lamanzi, lamanje kanye nesimo sezulu ukusiza ekwenzeni izinqumo.
– Izinqubo zokubopha ngokuphephile: ukusebenzisa i-winch yokubopha nokuqapha ukucindezelwa kwentambo ukuze izinguquko ezingeni lamanzi zingabeki ingozi.
Ngale ndlela, amachweba anganciphisa izikhathi zokulinda, andise ukuphepha, futhi agcine ukuhamba kahle kwezimpahla.
Isiphetho
Ukwehlukahlukana kwamaza olwandle kunomthelela omkhulu emisebenzini yechweba, kusukela ekujuleni kwesiteshi okusebenzayo, ukuhlela ukuhamba kwemikhumbi, ukuphepha kokufika, kuya ezidingweni zokufakwa kwenhlabathi kanye nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Amachweba abhekene nezindawo ezinkulu zamaza olwandle noma amanzi angajulile kumele aphathe imisebenzi ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni okunembile kwamaza olwandle. Ngokuqapha idatha okuqinile, ukubikezela okuthembekile, ukuhlanganiswa kohlelo lokuphathwa kwamachweba, kanye namasu afanele okunciphisa, amachweba angakhulisa ukusebenza kahle ngenkathi egcina amazinga okuphepha. Ekugcineni, ukuhlaziywa kwamaza olwandle akuyona nje into edingekayo yobuchwepheshe kodwa futhi kuyisisekelo esibalulekile sokuncintisana kwamachweba ohlelweni lwezokuthutha lwasolwandle olushintshashintshayo.
