Ukuhlaziywa Kokukhuphuka Emanzini AseNingizimu yeJava kanye Nomthelela Wakho Ekukhiqizeni Kwasolwandle
I-Pendahuluan
Amanzi aseningizimu yeJava angenye yezifunda zasolwandle zase-Indonesia ezaziwa ngamandla azo olwandle. Njengoba ibhekene ngqo ne-Indian Ocean, lesi sifunda sithonywa izinhlelo zomoya wemvula, imisinga emikhulu efana ne-Indonesian Throughflow (Arlindo), kanye nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu somhlaba wonke njenge-El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) kanye ne-Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Esinye sezimo ezibalulekile ezakha isimo samanzi aseningizimu yeJava ukuphakama, inqubo yokwenyuka kwamanzi kusuka ezingqimbeni ezijulile kuya phezulu. Lesi simo sinemiphumela ebanzi, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizeni okuyinhloko, ubuningi bezinhlanzi, kanye namaphethini okudoba okubamba. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela yokwenyuka kwamanzi eningizimu yeJava, izinkomba zayo ezibonwayo, amaphethini esizini, kanye nomthelela wayo ekukhiqizeni kwamanzi olwandle.
Umqondo Oyisisekelo Wokuvuka
Ukuphakama kwenzeka lapho amanzi angaphezulu esuswa endaweni ethile, afakwe amanzi asuka ekujuleni okujulile. Lawa manzi asuka phansi ngokuvamile abandayo, acebile ngezakhamzimba (ama-nitrate, ama-phosphate, nama-silicates), futhi anokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuhlukile kunamanzi angaphezulu afudumele, angenazo izakhamzimba, adliwa yi-phytoplankton. Lapho lezi zakhamzimba zifika phezulu futhi zithola ukukhanya kwelanga okwanele, kuvela ukuqhakaza kwe-phytoplankton, okube sekukhulisa lonke uchungechunge lokudla kwasolwandle.
Ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba, ukukhuphuka okukhulu kwenzeka ogwini olusentshonalanga lwamazwekazi njengoba imimoya isunduza amanzi angaphezulu ogwini ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuthutha yase-Ekman. Eningizimu yeJava, le ndlela iyafana futhi ithonywa kakhulu yimvula yaseningizimu-mpumalanga, kanye nokusebenzisana nemisinga yasogwini kanye nokuma komhlaba phansi kolwandle.
Indlela Yokukhuphuka ENingizimu Java
1. Indima Yemimoya Yemvula YaseNingizimu-mpumalanga
Ngesikhathi semvula yasempumalanga (cishe ngoJuni-Septhemba), imimoya yaseningizimu-mpumalanga ivunguza ngamandla nangokungaguquguquki. ENingizimu Yenkabazwe, i-Ekman transport iya ngakwesobunxele somoya. Lapho imimoya yaseningizimu-mpumalanga ivunguza ngokuhambisana nogu oluseningizimu lweJava, i-Ekman transport ivame ukuhambisa amanzi angaphezulu ogwini. Lokhu kudala igebe emanzini angaphezulu ogwini, bese ligcwaliswa ngamanzi abandayo avela ezingqimbeni ezingezansi.
2. Imisinga kanye Nokuguquguquka Kolwandlekazi LwaseNdiya
Amanzi aseningizimu yeJava awami wodwa kodwa ayingxenye yesistimu yokujikeleza kolwandle i-Indian Ocean. Imisinga yase-Longshore kanye namagagasi ase-Kelvin asogwini angaqinisa noma anciphise ukuphakama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintshashintsha kwamanje ngenxa yezinguquko ekucindezelweni kwezinga lolwandle kanye nemimoya yesifunda nakho kunquma amandla okukhuphuka kwamanzi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, imisinga yase-alshore ingandisa ukwehluka kwamanzi angaphezulu komhlaba, ngaleyo ndlela iqinise ukuphakama kwamanzi.
3. Ithonya Lokuma Kwendawo Nezindawo Ezisogwini
Ukwehla kweshelufu lezwekazi, imisele yolwandle, kanye nesimo sogu lolwandle kungashintsha amaphethini okukhuphuka. Izindawo ezinezinguquko ezibukhali ekujuleni zivumela amanzi acebile ngezakhamzimba ukuthi "aphakamise" kalula aye ezingqimbeni eziphezulu uma kunamandla omoya anele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwezindawo eziphezulu noma ama-bay kungadala ukwehluka kwendawo ngesimo samaseli okukhuphuka agxile.
Izinkomba Zokukhuphuka Nezindlela Zokubuka
Ukuphakama kwamanzi eningizimu yeJava ngokuvamile kuqashelwa kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yedatha yesathelayithi yolwandle kanye nokulinganiswa kwensimu.
1. Izinga Lokushisa Lolwandle (SST)
Ukuphakama kwamanzi kufana nokwehla kwezinga lolwandle (SST) ngenxa yamanzi apholile avela ekujuleni okujulile. Ngesikhathi sokuphakama kwamanzi, izithombe zesathelayithi zivame ukukhombisa "ulimi" lwamanzi abandayo oluhamba ngokuhambisana nogu oluseningizimu yeJava, ikakhulukazi kusukela e-East Java kuya eningizimu yeWest Java.
2. I-Chlorophyll-a
I-Chlorophyll-a iyinkomba ye-phytoplankton biomass. Amazinga e-chlorophyll-a akhuphukayo ogwini oluseningizimu yeJava ngesikhathi semvula yasempumalanga abonisa ukutholakala kwezakhamzimba okukhuthaza umkhiqizo oyinhloko.
3. Ukungajwayelekile Kwezinga Lolwandle
Ukuphakama kwamanzi kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokwehla kwezinga lolwandle lwendawo ngenxa yokuhlukana kwamanzi angaphezulu. Izinzwa ze-altimetry zesathelayithi zingabona lezi zinguquko njengezingavamile.
4. Ukulinganiswa Kwezakhamzimba Nokugeleza
Ukuhlolwa kwensimu kusetshenziswa i-CTD (Conductivity-Temperature-Depth), ukusampula izakhamzimba, kanye ne-ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) kunikeza ubufakazi obuqondile bezinguquko emanzini, emifuleni, kanye nokuhlushwa kwezakhamzimba.
Iphethini Yokukhuphuka Kwesizini YaseNingizimu Java
Ngokuvamile, ukuphakama kunamandla kakhulu ngesikhathi semvula yasempumalanga (Juni-Septhemba), lapho imimoya yaseningizimu-mpumalanga ibusa khona. Ngaphandle kwalesi sikhathi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi semvula yasentshonalanga (Disemba-Mashi), imimoya ijika ibheke emuva futhi ivame ukucindezela ukuphakama. Ngesikhathi sezinkathi zokuguquka (cishe ngo-Ephreli-Meyi kanye no-Okthoba-Novemba), ukuphakama kungaba buthaka noma kwenzeke ngezikhathi ezithile kuye ngamandla omoya kanye nezimo zamanje.
Kodwa-ke, ukuqina kokuvuvukala akuhlali kufana njalo ngonyaka. Uma kwenzeka izinto ezifana nalezi:
– I-El Niño: ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokwanda kwezimo zesomiso kanye nezinguquko emaphethini omoya angaqinisa ukukhukhumala ezindaweni eziningana zase-Indonesia.
– I-IOD Enhle: ivame ukwehlisa amazinga okushisa omhlaba empumalanga ye-Indian Ocean eduze ne-Indonesia futhi ingaqinisa ukufudumala nokupholisa eningizimu yeJava.
– I-IOD Engemihle: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingabangela amanzi afudumele futhi inciphise ukuqina kokuvuvukala.
Ukusebenzisana kwe-ENSO kanye ne-IOD kwenza i-southern Java upwell ibe uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi noluguquguqukayo phakathi kweminyaka.
Umphumela Wokukhuphuka Kwezikhukhula Ekukhiqizeni Kwasolwandle
1. Ukwandisa Ukukhiqiza Okuyinhloko
Umthelela oqondile kakhulu wokuphakama kwenhlabathi ukukhushulwa kwezakhamzimba endaweni ejabulisayo (ungqimba lusathola ukukhanya). Lezi zakhamzimba zikhuthaza ukukhula kwe-phytoplankton, zandisa i-chlorophyll-a kanye nokukhiqiza okuyinhloko. I-Phytoplankton yakha isisekelo sochungechunge lokudla lwasolwandle; ukwanda kokukhiqiza kuholela ekwandeni kwe-zooplankton, izibungu zezinhlanzi, ngisho nezinhlanzi ezincane ze-pelagic.
2. Imiphumela Yokubamba Izinhlanzi
ISouthern Java yaziwa njengendawo engaba yindawo yokudoba, okuhlanganisa i-tuna, i-skipjack tuna, i-mackerel, nezinye izinhlanzi ze-pelagic. Ngesikhathi sokukhula, ukutholakala kokudla kuyanda, okubangela ukuba izinhlanzi zibuthane ezindaweni ezithile, okwandisa amathuba okubanjwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi akhiqiza kakhulu angasekela ukukhula nokusinda kwezibungu zezinhlanzi.
Kodwa-ke, umthelela ekudobeni awuhlali uqondile. Ukuphakama okuphezulu okunamandla kakhulu kungaletha amanzi anokuqukethwe okuphansi komoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe kusuka ekujuleni, okungase kudale izimo ezicindezelayo zezinto eziphilayo ezithile ezingqimbeni eziphezulu. Nakuba i-hypoxia iyinkinga evame kakhulu kwezinye zezindawo eziphezulu zomhlaba, imiphumela yayo engaba khona isadinga ukuqashelwa eningizimu yeJava.
3. Ukuhlukahluka Kwezinto Eziphilayo kanye Nesakhiwo Sezinto Eziphilayo
Ukuphakama kwezindawo kungadala izindawo zemvelo ezicebile ngokwezinto eziphilayo. Izindawo ezikhuphukayo ziba izindawo ezishisayo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezindawo zokudla zezilwane ezidla ezinye njengezinhlanzi ezinkulu, izinyoni zasolwandle, ngisho nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinguquko ezisheshayo ekushiseni kanye nosawoti zingathinta ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo, okuhlanganisa nokushintsha kwezindawo zokudoba.
4. Umthelela Ekhwalithini Yamanzi
Ukwenyuka kwamanzi kuletha ubuningi bamanzi obunezici zamakhemikhali ezahlukene, ngezinye izikhathi obune-asidi eningi (i-pH ephansi) futhi obucebile ku-CO₂ kunobuso. Lokhu kunamandla okuthinta izinto eziphilayo ezizwela izinguquko ze-carbonate, njenge-shellfish plankton kanye ne-coral biota, yize umthelela uncike esikhathini, ubukhali, kanye nekhono le-ecosystem lokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Izinselele Zokuphatha Neziqondiso
Ukwanda kwesimo eningizimu yeJava kunikeza amathuba abalulekile, kodwa futhi kudinga ukuphathwa okusekelwe kudatha. Ezinye izinselele ezibalulekile zifaka:
1. Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kubangela ukuthi isizini yokukhuphuka kwemvula ishintshe noma ishintshe ubukhali bayo.
2. Ingcindezi yokudoba inganda lapho izinhlanzi zihlangana, okungafaka engcupheni ukudoba ngokweqile uma kungalawulwa.
3. Ukuqapha okulinganiselwe kwensimu kwezinye izindawo, ngakho-ke ukuthembela kudatha yesathelayithi kudinga ukwenezelwa ngokuqinisekiswa kwendawo.
4. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwesikhathi eside okungashintsha amaphethini omoya, ukwahlukaniswa kwamakholomu amanzi, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezakhamzimba.
Amasu okuphatha angathuthukiswa afaka: ukusetshenziswa kwe-SST kanye ne-chlorophyll - ulwazi lwezinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi zezindawo zokudoba ezingaba khona, ukunqunywa kwezinkathi zokudoba ezivumelana nezimo kanye nezindawo, kanye nokwandisa ucwaningo oluhlanganisiwe phakathi kwe-oceanography kanye nokudoba.
Isiphetho
Ukuphakama kwamanzi eningizimu yeJava kuyinqubo ebalulekile yokwakheka kolwandle eqhutshwa kakhulu yimvula yaseningizimu-mpumalanga ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuthutha yase-Ekman, futhi ithonywe yimisinga yoLwandlekazi i-Indian kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu njenge-ENSO kanye ne-IOD. Lesi simo singabonakala ngokunciphisa amazinga okushisa olwandle, ukwandisa i-chlorophyll-a, kanye nokushintsha kwamazinga olwandle. Umthelela waso oyinhloko ukwanda kokukhiqiza okuyinhloko kanye nokuqinisa uchungechunge lokudla lwasolwandle, okubuye kusekele amandla okudoba okubanjwa esifundeni. Ngokuqapha okungcono kanye nokuphathwa okuguquguqukayo, ukwehla kwamanzi eningizimu yeJava kungasetshenziswa kahle ekuphepheni kokudla kwasolwandle ngenkathi kugcinwa ukusimama kwemvelo.
Uma ufisa, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe yifomethi yephepha lesayensi (nge-abstract, izindlela, ingxoxo, kanye ne-bibliography), noma ngengeze idatha/izibalo ezithile ezivela ezifundweni ezithile (isb. i-SST isukela ngesikhathi sokuphakama kanye ne-chlorophyll-iziqongo ezisekelwe esithombeni sesathelayithi).
