Ucwaningo Lokuhlukahluka Kosawoti kanye Nokushisa Kolwandle Ezinkathini ZaseNtshonalanga NaseMpumalanga
I-Pendahuluan
Ulwandle luyisimiso esishintshashintshayo esihlala sishintsha ngenxa yethonya lomkhathi, umhlaba, kanye nezinqubo zangaphakathi zolwandle. Amapharamitha amabili asetshenziswa kakhulu ukukala izinguquko ezimweni zolwandle usawoti (okuqukethwe kukasawoti oncibilikisiwe) kanye nokushisa (izinga lokushisa lamanzi olwandle). Zombili zidlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ubuningi bamanzi olwandle, amaphethini okujikeleza kwegazi, ukutholakala kwezakhamzimba, ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, kanye nokukhiqiza kwezinhlanzi. E-Indonesia nasemanzini azungezile asezindaweni ezishisayo, ukuhlukahluka kosawoti kanye nokushisa kuthonywa kakhulu uhlelo lwemvula, ikakhulukazi umehluko phakathi kweNtshonalanga neMpumalanga.
I-West Monsoon ivame ukwenzeka cishe ngoNovemba kuya kuMashi, lapho imimoya yemvula ivunguza isuka e-Asia iya e-Australia. Lesi sikhathi sonyaka sihambisana nemvula enkulu ezindaweni eziningi zase-Indonesia. Okwamanje, i-East Monsoon iyenzeka cishe ngoMeyi kuya kuSepthemba, lapho imimoya ivunguza isuka e-Australia iya e-Asia futhi ivame ukuletha izimo ezomile ezindaweni eziningi zase-Indonesia. Lokhu kwehluka kwezici zomkhathi kubangela izinguquko ekungeneni kwamanzi ahlanzekile, ukuhwamuka, ukuxubana kanye nezinqubo zokuphakama, ekugcineni kwakha amaphethini ahlukile okushintshashintsha kosawoti wolwandle kanye nokushisa.
Imiqondo Eyisisekelo Yobusawoti kanye Nokushisa Kwasolwandle
Usawoti uvezwa ngamayunithi e-Practical Sality Units (PSU) noma i-promil (‰), yize i-PSU isetshenziswa kakhulu ku-oceanography yesimanje. Usawoti wolwandle uthonywa yibhalansi phakathi kokuhwamuka (ukwanda kosawoti), imvula (ukwehla kosawoti), ukugeleza komfula (ukwehla kosawoti), kanye nokushintshana kwamanzi amaningi kanye nemisinga ethwala amanzi enezimpawu ezahlukene.
Izinga lokushisa lolwandle lithonywa imisebe yelanga, ukushintshana kokushisa nomoya, umoya (okwandisa ukuxubana), imisinga yolwandle, kanye nokuphakama (ukwenyuka kwezinqwaba zamanzi abandayo ukusuka phansi kuya phezulu). Ubudlelwano phakathi kosawoti kanye nezinga lokushisa bunquma ubuningi bamanzi olwandle: amanzi abandayo, anosawoti omningi avame ukuba makhulu futhi angacwila, akhe izendlalelo zezinqwaba zamanzi ezithinta ukujikeleza kolwandle.
Ukubuka Konke Kwezinkathi ZaseNtshonalanga NaseMpumalanga
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kweNtshonalanga neMpumalanga Monsoon ungenziwa lula kanje:
1. Isizini YaseNtshonalanga (Novemba–Mashi)
– Imvula iyanda ezindaweni eziningi zase-Indonesia.
– Umkhathi unomswakama kakhulu; ukumbozwa kwamafu kuvame ukuba phezulu.
– Amanzi ahlanzekile atholakala emvuleni nasemifuleni avame ukuba makhulu.
– Imimoya namagagasi kungaba namandla emanzini athile avulekile.
2. Isizini YaseMpumalanga (Meyi–Septhemba)
– Komile ezindaweni eziningi eningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Indonesia.
– Ukuhwamuka kwamanzi kukhulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nemvula kwezinye izindawo.
– Ukuphakama kuvame ukuqina ikakhulukazi eningizimu yeJava–Bali–Nusa Tenggara.
– Amanye amanzi athola ukupholisa okungaphezulu ngenxa yokuphakama kwamanzi aphansi apholile.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-Indonesia itholakala phakathi koLwandlekazi i-Indian nePacific, izinguquko zesizini zihlobene nohlelo lwe-Indonesian Throughflow (ARLINDO) kanye nokuguquguquka kwesifunda njengoLwandle iJava, uLwandle iBanda, kanye namanzi aseningizimu yeJava agudla ngqo uLwandlekazi i-Indian.
Ukwehluka Kosawoti Esizini YaseNtshonalanga
Ngesikhathi seNtshonalanga yeMonsoon, imvula enkulu ibangela ukwehla kosawoti ebusweni, ikakhulukazi emanzini aseduze nogu kanye nezindawo ezithola amanzi amaningi emfuleni. Isibonelo, emanzini asogwini lwaseSumatra, eKalimantan, kanye nezingxenye zoLwandle iJava, imvula enamandla kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi angaphakathi nezwe kungakha ungqimba oluncane lwamanzi amasha noma angenasawoti ebusweni. Lolu ngqimba lwehlisa usawoti futhi lungadala ukuhlukaniswa: ingxenye engenhla ilula (inosawoti omncane) kunengxenye engezansi.
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezakhi kuthinta ukuxubana okuqondile. Njengoba umehluko wobuningi phakathi kwezingqimba eziphezulu nezingezansi ukhula, amandla omoya afanayo aba nesikhathi esinzima sokuxuba ikholomu yamanzi ngokujulile. Ngenxa yalokho, izakhamzimba ezivela ezingqimbeni ezingezansi ziba nesikhathi esinzima sokukhuphukela phezulu. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, lokhu kunganciphisa umkhiqizo oyinhloko wobuso, yize umphumela wokugcina usancike kwezinye izici ezifana nokunikezwa kwezakhamzimba ezivela emifuleni kanye nokuguquguquka kwamanje endawo.
Kodwa-ke, iNtshonalanga yeMonsoon ingahambisana nemimoya enamandla namagagasi aphezulu kwezinye izindawo, empeleni okwandisa ukuxubana. Ngakho-ke, umphumela wayo kusawoti awuhlali ufana: ogwini lapho amanzi ahlanzekile etholakala khona, usawoti uyancipha; emanzini avulekile, ukuxubana nokwanda kwamanzi kungadala amaphethini ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Ukushintshashintsha Kwezinga Lokushisa Esikhathini SaseNtshonalanga
Amazinga okushisa olwandle ngesikhathi seNtshonalanga yeMonsoon avame ukuthonywa ukwanda kwamafu kanye nemvula. Amafu anganciphisa ukushisa okuqondile okuvela emisebeni yelanga, kuyilapho imvula inganikeza ukupholisa kwesikhashana engxenyeni engaphezulu. Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni ezishisayo, amazinga okushisa olwandle avame ukuhlala efudumele unyaka wonke, eshintshashintsha ngamadigri ambalwa kuphela.
Ukuxubana okubangelwa yimimoya neziphepho nakho kunganciphisa amazinga okushisa aphezulu ngokuletha amanzi apholile avela ngaphansi (ukuxuba). Kodwa-ke, uma amanzi angenayo efudumele (isibonelo, avela emanzini azungezile asezindaweni ezishisayo), amazinga okushisa angahlala ephezulu noma akhuphuke. Ngokuvamile, iNtshonalanga yeMonsoon ingaba namazinga okushisa afudumele kodwa anokuguquguquka okuphezulu ngenxa yesimo sezulu esisebenzayo.
Ukwehluka Kosawoti Esikhathini SaseMpumalanga
Imvula yasempumalanga eyomile ezindaweni eziningi ibangela ukwanda kosawoti emanzini anomswakama ophezulu kanye nokwehla kokufakwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile. Ukwehla kwemvula kanye nokuphuma komfula kusho ukuthi ungqimba olungaphezulu "luncibilikisiwe" kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvula yasempumalanga ingandisa ukuthuthwa kwamanzi futhi iqinise imisinga kwezinye izindawo, okuholela ekusabalalisweni kabusha kosawoti phakathi kwezifunda.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-East Monsoon ihlotshaniswa nokukhuphuka okunamandla okuvela eningizimu yeJava kuya eNusa Tenggara. Ukukhuphuka kuletha amanzi avela ezingqimbeni ezijulile, okuvame ukuba pholile futhi kungaba nosawoti omningi (kuye ngokuthi isakhiwo samanzi endawo sinjani). Ngakho-ke, esifundeni sokukhuphuka, usawoti ongaphezulu unganda noma ushintshe kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-West Monsoon.
Ukwehluka Kwezinga Lokushisa Esikhathini SaseMpumalanga
Isici esivelele kakhulu se-East Monsoon kwamanye amanzi ase-Indonesia ukwehla kwamazinga okushisa olwandle ngenxa yokuphakama kwamanzi. Imimoya yase-Easter evunguza ihambisana nogu oluseningizimu yeJava, iBali, kanye neNusa Tenggara isunduza i-Ekman transport kude nogu, okubangela ukwanda kwamanzi aphansi apholile ukuze athathe indawo yamanzi angaphezulu asunduzelwe ogwini. Lokhu kungabangela ukwehla okukhulu kwamazinga okushisa olwandle uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinyanga.
Lokhu kupholisa okungaphezulu kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokwanda kwamazinga ezakhamzimba ezingqimbeni eziphezulu, okungabangela ukuqhakaza kwe-phytoplankton futhi kwandise umkhiqizo wasemanzini. Imiphumela ibalulekile kwezokudoba: ezinye izindawo zokudoba ze-pelagic zingaba zikhiqiza kakhulu ngesikhathi se-East Monsoon ngoba uchungechunge lokudla luqiniswa ukutholakala kwezakhamzimba.
Ukusebenzisana Kosawoti Nezinga Lokushisa kanye Nemiphumela Yolwandle
Ukushintshashintsha kosawoti kanye nokushisa akuzimele. Kokubili kunquma ubuningi, okuthonya ukuzinza kwekholomu yamanzi kanye namaphethini okujikeleza kwegazi. Ngesikhathi seNtshonalanga yeMonsoon, ukwehla kosawoti ebusweni kungaqinisa ukuhlukaniswa, kuvimbele ukuxubana, futhi kunciphise ukuhlinzekwa kwezakhamzimba ezivela ngaphansi. Ngesikhathi seMpumalanga yeMonsoon, ukupholisa ubuso ngenxa yokuphakama kungandisa ubuningi bezingqimba ezingaphezulu, kunciphise ukuhlukaniswa futhi kuvumele ukuxubana okuphumelelayo ezindaweni ezithile.
Izinguquko kusawoti kanye nokushisa nazo zithinta imvelo: ama-coral reefs azwela ukungalingani kokushisa okuphezulu, kuyilapho izilwane zasemanzini kanye nezilwane zasogwini zithintwa ukuguquguquka kosawoti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhakha yasolwandle efana nokufuywa kwezinhlanzi, ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi, kanye nokudoba idinga lolu lwazi lwesizini ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi kanye nokuhlela ukusebenza.
Izindlela Zokutadisha Ezisetshenziswa Kaningi
Izifundo zokushintshashintsha kosawoti kanye nokushisa ngokuvamile zenziwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwalokhu okulandelayo:
1. Izilinganiso ezisendaweni: I-CTD (Ukuqhuba Umoya-Ukushisa-Ukujula), ama-buoy, kanye nokubonwa kwesiteshi solwandle.
2. Ukuzwa kude: izinga lokushisa lolwandle olusesiphuphutheki (SST) kanye nemingcele ehlobene (isb. i-chlorophyll-a njengesibonakaliso sokukhiqiza).
3. Amamodeli e-Oceanography: ukulingiswa kwemisinga, ukuphakama, kanye nokusebenzisana kolwandle nomoya ukuze kubhekwe izinguquko zesizini.
4. Ukuhlaziywa kwesimo sezulu: ukuqhathanisa isilinganiso seminyaka eminingi seNtshonalanga yeMvula vs iMpumalanga yeMvula ukuthola amaphethini amakhulu kanye nokungafani.
Ngale ndlela, abacwaningi bangabona izindawo ezibucayi kakhulu ezinguqukweni zesizini, baqonde izindlela ezibangela lokhu, futhi babikezele imiphumela yemvelo kanye neyomnotho wezenhlalo.
Isiphetho
Ukushintshashintsha kosawoti olwandle kanye nokushisa ngesikhathi seNtshonalanga neMpumalanga kuyimiphumela yokuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwemvula, ukuhwamuka, imimoya yemvula, imisinga, kanye nezinqubo zokuphakama nokuxuba. INtshonalanga yeMonsoon ngokuvamile ibonakala ngokuncipha kosawoti ongaphezulu ngenxa yokufakwa okukhulu kwamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nokuguquguquka komkhathi okusebenzayo, kuyilapho iMpumalanga yeMonsoon ivame ukwandisa usawoti kwezinye izindawo futhi yehlise kakhulu amazinga okushisa ongaphezulu endaweni eseningizimu yeJava-Nusa Tenggara. Ukuqonda la maphethini esizini kubalulekile ekuphathweni kokudoba, ekunciphiseni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokuhlela imisebenzi yasolwandle nolwandle.
Uma ufisa, ngingavumelanisa lesi sihloko nesimo sesifunda esithile (isb., uLwandle iJava, iMakassar Strait, uLwandle iBanda, noma iJava eseningizimu) bese ngengeza izinkomba zesayensi kanye nedatha mayelana nobubanzi bokushisa nosawoti ngokusekelwe ezincwadini noma kumasethi edatha e-oceanographic.
