Ucwaningo Lwezinguquko Ekuphakameni Kwamagagasi Olwandle Ngenxa Yomsebenzi Wesiphepho SaseTropical
I-Pendahuluan
Ulwandle luyisimiso esishintshashintshayo esihlala sishintsha ngenxa yokusebenzisana phakathi komkhathi, ubuso bamanzi, kanye nezimo zolwandle. Esinye isenzakalo somkhathi esingabangela izinguquko ezibalulekile ezimweni zolwandle yisiphepho sasezindaweni ezishisayo. Umsebenzi wesiphepho sasezindaweni ezishisayo awuqashelwa nje kuphela yimvula enkulu kanye nemimoya enamandla, kodwa futhi nangamandla aso okukhulisa ngokushesha nangokubanzi ukuphakama kwamagagasi olwandle. Amagagasi aphezulu avelayo angasakazeka kude nendawo ephakathi kwesiphepho futhi athinte izindawo ezisogwini ezingahanjwa ngqo uhlelo lwesiphepho. Ngakho-ke, ukufunda izinguquko ekuphakameni kwamagagasi olwandle ngenxa yomsebenzi wesiphepho sasezindaweni ezishisayo kubalulekile ukusekela ukuphepha kwemikhumbi, imisebenzi yokudoba, ukuphathwa kwendawo yolwandle, kanye nokunciphisa inhlekelele ye-hydrometeorological.
Iziphepho zaseTropical kanye nezici zazo eziyinhloko
Izishingishane zaseTropical ziyizinhlelo ezinkulu ezinengcindezi ephansi ezakha phezu kwamanzi afudumele aseTropical, ngokuvamile lapho amazinga okushisa olwandle ephakeme ngokwanele futhi izimo zomkhathi zivumela ukujikeleza kwamanzi. Izici ezibalulekile zezishingishane zaseTropical zifaka phakathi isikhungo esinengcindezi ephansi (iso), udonga lweso olunemimoya enamandla, kanye namabhande emvula ajikelezayo. Isivinini somoya oseduze nendawo singakhula kakhulu ngesikhathi esifushane, sikhiqize ukucindezeleka komoya onamandla ebusweni bolwandle. Amandla omoya, ubukhulu besishingishane, isivinini saso, kanye namandla aso kunquma ukuthi angakanani amandla adluliselwa olwandle futhi ekugcineni kulawula ukwakheka kwamagagasi aphezulu.
Indlela Yokwakheka Kwamagagasi Ngenxa Yeziphepho Zasezindaweni Ezishisayo
Amagagasi olwandle akhiwa ngokuyisisekelo ngokudluliselwa kwamandla kusuka emoyeni kuya ebusweni bamanzi. Ngokwesimo seziphepho zasezindaweni ezishisayo, izindlela eziningana eziyinhloko zibangela ukwanda kokuphakama kwamagagasi:
1. Isivinini somoya esiphezulu kakhulu
Imimoya yesiphepho sasezindaweni ezishisayo ingafinyelela amashumi amamitha ngomzuzwana. Uma isivinini somoya siphezulu, amandla amaningi adluliselwa ebusweni bolwandle, okubangela ukuba amagagasi akhule ngokushesha futhi afinyelele ukuphakama okukhulu.
2. Ubude bokuphefumula (ubude)
Amagagasi athatha isikhathi ukwakheka. Isiphepho esihamba kancane noma esihlala isikhathi eside endaweni ethile sizohlinzeka ngezivunguvungu zomoya ezanele ukwakha ukuphakama okuphezulu kwamagagasi.
3. Ukutholakala kwendlela yokulanda
I-Fetch yibanga lapho umoya uvunguza khona ngendlela engaguquki phezu kolwandle. Isakhiwo sokujikeleza okukhulu kwesiphepho singadala ukudonsa okukhulu okuphumelelayo, ikakhulukazi kwezinye izingxenye zesiphepho.
4. Ukusebenzisana nemisinga kanye ne-bathymetry
Imisinga engaphezulu ephikisana nokusabalala kwamagagasi ingacindezela amagagasi, yandise ukuphakama kwawo futhi ifinyeze isikhathi sawo, okwenza izimo zolwandle zibe nobudlova kakhulu. Ezindaweni ezingajulile, amagagasi angancipha (ande ukuphakama) ngaphambi kokuphuka, okwandisa izingozi zasogwini.
5. Amagagasi endawo kanye nokuvuvukala kwebanga elide
Izivunguvungu zikhiqiza amagagasi endawo (ulwandle lomoya) azungeze izikhungo zazo, kanye namagagasi asakazekela ngaphandle. Lawa magagasi angafika ogwini ngaphambi kwesikhungo, ngakho izindawo ezibonakala “zicacile” zisengabhekana namagagasi aphezulu.
Iphethini Yendawo Yezinguquko Zokuphakama Kwamagagasi
Izinguquko zokuphakama kwamagagasi ezibangelwa yiziphepho zasezindaweni ezishisayo azilingani. Ngokuvamile, amagagasi aphezulu kakhulu avame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinemimoya enamandla kakhulu kanye nokuthathwa isikhathi eside kakhulu. ENingizimu Yenkabazwe, iziphepho zijikeleza ngokwewashi; eNyakatho Yenkabazwe, zijikeleza ngokwewashi. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-quadrant athile angaba yingozi kakhulu kuye ngokuthi isiphepho sihamba kanjani.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungalingani nakho kuthonywa isivinini sokuguquguquka kwesiphepho. Ohlangothini lapho isiqondiso somoya sihambisana khona nokunyakaza kwesiphepho, isivinini somoya esisebenzayo sikhulu. Lokhu kungadala amagagasi aphezulu kanye nemimoya enamandla ebusweni ohlangothini olulodwa lwendlela yesiphepho, okudala izingozi ezingalingani ezindaweni zokuthutha kanye nezindawo ezisogwini.
Amapharamitha Abalulekile Ezifundweni Zamagagasi E-Cyclonic
Ukuze kufundwe izinguquko ekuphakameni kwamagagasi, kudingeka kucatshangelwe imingcele eminingana ye-oceanographic kanye neye-meteorological:
– Ukuphakama Okuphawulekayo Kwegagasi (Hs)
Ama-H ayisilinganiso sengxenye yesithathu ephezulu yamagagasi futhi avame ukusetshenziswa ukumelela izimo zolwandle. Ngesikhathi seziphepho zasezindaweni ezishisayo ezisebenzayo, ama-H angakhuphuka izikhathi eziningana ngaphezu kwamazinga ajwayelekile.
– Isikhathi Esiphakeme (Tp)
Amagagasi avela eziphephweni angaba nezikhathi ezahlukene phakathi komoya olwandle kanye nokuvuvukala. Amagagasi endawo avame ukuba nezikhathi ezimfushane, kanti ukuvuvukala kunezikhathi ezinde futhi angahamba amabanga amade.
- Isiqondiso segagasi elinamandla
Indlela evelele isiza ekuboneni ukuthi amagagasi avela ngqo emimoyeni yendawo noma angamaqhubu asakazeka enkabeni yesiphepho.
- Ingcindezi engaphezulu kanye ne-gradient yengcindezi
Nakuba umoya uyimbangela eyinhloko yamagagasi, ukwehla kwengcindezi enkabeni yesiphepho kanye nokuthambekela kwaso kuhlobene kakhulu namandla omoya.
– Isivinini somoya kanye nesiqondiso samamitha ayi-10
Idatha yomoya ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-10 ngaphezu kolwandle ivame ukusetshenziswa ekubunjweni kwamagagasi esimanje.
Izindlela Zokubuka Nokuhlaziya
Izifundo zokushintsha kokuphakama kwamagagasi okubangelwa yiziphepho zasezindaweni ezishisayo zivame ukuhlanganisa idatha yokubuka kanye nokulingisa. Ezinye izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zifaka:
1. Ukubonwa kwangaphakathi (ama-buoy kanye nezinsimbi zokulinganisa amagagasi)
Ama-wave buoy aqopha njalo i-Hs, i-Tp, kanye nesiqondiso samagagasi. Inzuzo yawo ukunemba okuphezulu ezindaweni ezithile, kodwa ukumbozwa kwawo kulinganiselwe.
2. Ukuzwa okukude kwesathelayithi
Ama-altimeter esathelayithi angalinganisa ukuphakama kwamagagasi amakhulu emhlabeni jikelele, kuyilapho ama-scatterometer esiza ekuhlinzekeni ngedatha yomoya ongaphezulu. Ama-satellite avumela ukuqapha okubanzi, kodwa ukuxazulula kwawo isikhathi esilinganiselwe kanye nomzila kungaba yisithiyo sezehlakalo ezisheshayo njengeziphepho.
3. Ukumodela kwamagagasi ngezinombolo
Amamodeli afana ne-WAVEWATCH III noma i-SWAN asetshenziselwa ukulingisa ukwakheka kwamagagasi kanye nokusabalala kwawo ngokusekelwe ekufakweni komoya. Amamodeli anganikeza isithombe esiphelele sendawo nesikhathi, kodwa adinga ukuqinisekiswa ngedatha yokubuka ukuqinisekisa imiphumela ethembekile.
4. Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwangaphambi nangemva
Amasu okuhlanganisa kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-anomaly kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa izinguquko zamagagasi ezibangelwa yisiphepho nokuguquguquka kwesizini noma ezinye izici ezifana nezimvula.
Imithelela Ezindaweni Zasogwini kanye Nomkhakha Wezolwandle
Amagagasi aphezulu abangelwa yiziphepho zasezindaweni ezishisayo angabangela umonakalo engqalasizinda yogu lolwandle, abangele ukuguguleka, futhi abangele izikhukhula zamagagasi, kanye nokuphazamisa imisebenzi yokuthutha kanye nokudoba. Ngisho noma isikhungo seziphepho sikude, ukuvuvukala kwamandla aphezulu kungabangela imisinga yokuqhuma, okuyingozi kwezokuvakasha kogu lolwandle. Emachwebeni, amagagasi angabangela ukuqhuma kanye nokuduma okuphazamisa ukuhamba kwemikhumbi. Kubadobi abancane, ukwanda okungazelelwe kwamagagasi kungaholela ezingozini zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi uma ulwazi lokubikezela lungadluliselwa kahle.
Imiphumela Yesixwayiso Nokunciphisa Ubunzima Kusenesikhathi
Ukuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kweziphepho zasezindaweni ezishisayo kanye noshintsho ekuphakameni kwamagagasi kunemiphumela eqondile ezinhlelweni zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi. Ulwazi olubalulekile okufanele lunikezwe luhlanganisa ukubikezela kokuphakama kwamagagasi (ama-H), izikhathi zokuvuvukala kanye neziqondiso, kanye nezikhathi zokufika kwamagagasi ezilinganisiwe ogwini. Ukunciphisa kungafinyelelwa ngokunciphisa imisebenzi yokuthumela emazingeni athile engozi, ukuvikela imikhumbi emachwebeni, ukuvala okwesikhashana izindawo zokufinyelela ogwini ezisengozini, kanye nokufundisa umphakathi ngezingozi zamagagasi kanye nemisinga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha yesathelayithi, ama-buoy, namamodeli wamagagasi kuyisihluthulelo sokuthuthukisa ukunemba kokubikezela. Ukwanda kwamandla okubala kanye nokutholakala kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela kuvumela ukubikezela kwamagagasi okusheshayo nokunembile. Lokhu kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho kanye nokulahlekelwa yimpilo.
Isiphetho
Umsebenzi wesiphepho sasezindaweni ezishisayo uyimbangela enkulu yokwanda okusheshayo nokubanzi kokuphakama kwamagagasi olwandle, okuvame ukusabalala kude nendawo eyinhloko yesiphepho. Izinguquko zokuphakama kwamagagasi zilawulwa yisivinini somoya, isikhathi sesiphepho, ukuthathwa, ukunyakaza kwesiphepho, kanye nokusebenzisana nemisinga kanye ne-bathymetry. Izifundo ezihlanganisa ukubonwa kwangaphakathi, ukuzwa okukude, kanye nomodeli wezinombolo zibalulekile ekuqondeni amaphethini endawo nesikhathi samagagasi kanye nokuthuthukisa izinhlelo ezisebenzayo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi. Ngokuphathwa kolwazi oluzwakalayo kanye nezinyathelo ezifanele zokunciphisa, ingozi yamagagasi aphezulu avela eziphephoni zasezindaweni ezishisayo eya ogwini kanye nomkhakha wasolwandle ingancishiswa.
