Ukuqapha Izinga Lokushisa Lolwandle Kusetshenziswa Ubuchwepheshe Bokuzwa Kude
Izinga Lokushisa Lolwandle (i-SST) lingenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlola ulwandle ngoba lidlala indima eqondile ekulawuleni ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, isimo sezulu, umkhiqizo wokudoba, kanye nobukhulu bezinhlekelele ze-hydrometeorological. Ngisho nezinguquko ezincane ku-SST zingathinta ukwakheka kwamafu, amaphethini omoya, imisinga yolwandle, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle. Esikhathini sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, isidingo sedatha ye-SST enembile neyesikhathi eside siyaphuthuma kakhulu. Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokwenza ukuqapha kwe-SST okusabalele nokuqhubekayo ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokubona okukude obusekelwe kwisathelayithi.
Kungani Kubalulekile Ukushisa Kolwandle?
I-SST izinga lokushisa lengqimba ephezulu kakhulu yolwandle exhumana ngqo nomkhathi. Amanani e-SST ahlobene kakhulu nokushintshana kokushisa nomhwamuko wamanzi phakathi kolwandle nomoya. Njengoba i-SST ikhula, ukuhwamuka kuvame ukwanda, okungabangela ukwakheka kwamafu ajikelezayo kanye nemvula enkulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-SST aphansi angavimbela ukwakheka kwamafu emvula ezindaweni ezithile.
Emhlabeni jikelele, ukuhlukahluka kwe-SST kuyizinkomba ezibalulekile zezehlakalo zesimo sezulu njenge-El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) kanye ne-Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). I-ENSO, isibonelo, ingashintsha amaphethini emvula e-Indonesia: I-El Niño ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinkathi zesomiso ezinde, kuyilapho i-La Niña ivame ukubangela imvula enkulu kanye nezikhukhula. Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha i-SST kuyisisekelo esibalulekile sezinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi ngesimo sezulu nesimo sezulu.
Emkhakheni wezokudoba olwandle nolwandle, i-SST isiza ekudwebeni izindawo zokudoba ezingaba khona, ikakhulukazi uma zihlanganiswa nedatha ye-chlorophyll-a, yamanje, kanye nezinga lolwandle. Izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi zasemanzini asolwandle zihlangana emaphethelweni amanzi, ngokuvamile zitholwa yizinga lokushisa. Ukuqapha i-SST kubalulekile futhi ekuhloleni ingozi yokuguquka kwamakhorali, okubangelwa ukungalingani okuhlala isikhathi eside kokushisa okuphezulu.
Umqondo Wokuzwa Okukude Wokulinganisa i-SST
Ukuzwa kude kuyindlela yokuthola ulwazi ngezinto ngaphandle kokuxhumana ngqo, ngokuvamile ngezinzwa ezibamba imisebe kagesi. Ku-SST, izinzwa zesathelayithi ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbili zamaza okukhanya:
1. I-infrared eshisayo (i-TIR)
Izinzwa ze-TIR zilinganisa imisebe yokushisa ekhishwa ubuso bolwandle. Le ndlela ithandwa ngoba inganikeza ukuxazululwa kwendawo okuphezulu kanye nemininingwane emincane. Kodwa-ke, inkinga yayo ukuthi ithintwa kakhulu yifu, njengoba amafu evimba izimpawu ze-infrared ebusweni bolwandle.
2. I-microwave
Izinzwa ze-microwave zingangena emafwini amancane kuya kwaphakathi, okuvumela ukubonwa kwe-SST ngaphansi kwezimo ezinamafu. Kodwa-ke, ukuxazulula kwazo kwendawo ngokuvamile kuyinkimbinkimbi kunezinzwa ze-infrared futhi zisengozini enkulu yokuphazamiseka komhlaba njengemvula enkulu noma imimoya enamandla eshintsha ukukhishwa kwamanzi ebusweni bolwandle.
Ngobuchwepheshe, amasathelayithi awalinganisi "izinga lokushisa" ngqo, kodwa kunalokho alinganisa ukukhanya, okube sekuguqulwa kube izinga lokushisa nge-algorithm ecabangela ukukhishwa kwamanzi olwandle, izimo zomkhathi, kanye nokulinganiswa kwenzwa. Izinga lokushisa elivelayo lingaba izinga lokushisa lesikhumba (izinga lokushisa "lesikhumba" esiphezulu, esilinganiswa nge-infrared) noma izinga lokushisa lesikhumba esincane/inqwaba (eliseduze namamilimitha ambalwa kuya kumasentimitha, ngokuvamile elilinganiselwa ngama-microwave). Lo mehluko ubalulekile uma usebenzisa idatha ye-SST ezifundweni ezithile, njengamamodeli esimo sezulu, ukuhlaziywa kokushisa kolwandle, noma ukuqinisekiswa kwe-in situ.
Imithombo Yedatha Yesathelayithi Yokuqapha I-SST
Amasathelayithi ahlukahlukene ahlinzeka ngedatha ye-SST engatholakala ocwaningweni nasekusebenzeni. Ezinye izibonelo ezivame ukusetshenziswa zifaka:
– I-MODIS (Terra/Aqua): ihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo ye-SST esekelwe ku-infrared enombozo womhlaba wonke kanye nesisombululo esihle kakhulu, kodwa ithonywa kakhulu amafu.
– I-VIIRS (Suomi NPP/NOAA-20): umlandeli we-MODIS onekhwalithi ephezulu ye-radiometric kanye nokusebenza okuhle kokuqapha kwansuku zonke.
– I-Sentinel-3 (SLSTR): iphethe inzwa yokushisa eyenzelwe ukulinganisa izinga lokushisa lobuso ngokunemba okuphezulu.
– I-AVHRR (uchungechunge lwe-NOAA): olunye lwezinzwa zakudala ze-SST yesikhathi eside, olubalulekile ezifundweni zesimo sezulu.
– I-AMSR2 (GCOM-W) kanye nezinye izinzwa ze-microwave: ziwusizo ekunciphiseni “izindawo ezingaboni” ngenxa yamafu ezindaweni ezishisayo.
Ngaphezu kwemikhiqizo eyodwa, izinhlangano eziningi zihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo exubile (ukuxubana kwezinzwa eziningi), njengokuhlaziywa kwe-SST kwansuku zonke noma kwamasonto onke okuhlanganisa idatha ye-infrared, i-microwave, kanye nedatha ye-in situ. Le mikhiqizo exubile ibalulekile ekwandiseni ukumbozwa kwedatha, ukunciphisa umsindo, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukunemba.
Inqubo Yokucubungula Idatha ye-SST evela kuSathelayithi
Ukuqapha i-SST kusetshenziswa ukubona kude kuvame ukudlula ezigabeni ezilandelayo:
1. Ukutholwa kwedatha
Idatha itholakala kuma-portal asemthethweni (isib. i-NASA, i-NOAA, i-EUMETSAT, i-Copernicus) ngamafomethi afana ne-NetCDF noma i-HDF.
2. Ukucubungula kusengaphambili
Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa ukulungiswa kwejometri, ukukhethwa kwebhendi/isiteshi, ukusika indawo yokufunda, kanye nokuhlola ikhwalithi yedatha kusetshenziswa amafulegi ekhwalithi.
3. Ukufihla amafu kanye nokuphazamiseka komkhathi
Ngedatha ye-infrared, ukufihla amafu kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile. Ama-algorithm okuthola amafu ngokuvamile asebenzisa inhlanganisela ethile yeziteshi kanye nemingcele.
4. Guqula ukukhanya kube yi-SST
Ukusebenzisa ama-algorithm athile (isb. i-split-window) ahlanganisa iziteshi eziningi ze-infrared ukunciphisa imiphumela yomkhathi.
5. Ukuqinisekiswa ngedatha yangaphakathi
Idatha ye-Buoy, ama-ARGO floats, noma izilinganiso zokuthumela zisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukucwasa nokunemba, nokwenza izilungiso uma kudingeka.
6. Ukuhlaziywa kwendawo nesikhathi
Idatha ingahlaziywa ukuze kubhekwe amaphethini esizini, izitayela zesikhathi eside, ukungalingani kwe-SST, noma izehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu njengezinga lokushisa lolwandle.
Izinselele Ekuqapheni i-SST
Naphezu kokusebenza kwayo okukhulu, ukuqapha kwe-SST okusekelwe ekutholeni kude kuletha izinselele eziningana. Okokuqala, ukumbozwa kwamafu ezindaweni ezishisayo njenge-Indonesia kubangela izikhala eziningi zedatha ye-infrared. Okwesibili, umehluko ezincazelweni zokushisa (isikhumba vs. ubukhulu) ungaletha ukubandlulula uma kungavumelani nezidingo zokuhlaziya. Okwesithathu, izimo zobuso bolwandle njengemvula, umoya, noma amagagasi zingathinta ukufundwa kwezinzwa ze-microwave. Okwesine, ukuxazululwa kwesikhala nesikhathi okuhlukile phakathi kwezinzwa kudinga amasu aqinile ezibalo kanye namamodeli.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo ezisogwini zinezinselele eziyingqayizivele ngenxa yethonya lomhlaba, ukuguguleka, kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa okusheshayo nokuyinkimbinkimbi. Amaphikseli esathelayithi ahlanganisa izimpawu zomhlaba nezolwandle (amaphikseli axubile) angaholela emaphutheni okulinganisa izinga lokushisa eduze nogu lolwandle. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha umkhiqizo kanye nesisombululo esifanele kubalulekile ezifundweni zasogwini.
Isicelo Sokuqapha i-SST e-Indonesia
Njengesizwe esihlala ezindaweni ezizungezile, i-Indonesia ibeka ukubaluleka okukhulu kulwazi lwe-SST. Emkhakheni wezokudoba, amamephu e-SST ansuku zonke angasiza abadobi kanye neziphathimandla ukuhlonza izindawo zokudoba ezingaba khona. Ekuphathweni kwemvelo, ukungalingani okuphezulu kwe-SST kungasetshenziswa ukuqapha ingozi yokushiswa kwamakhorali ezindaweni ezifana neBali, Nusa Tenggara, noma iRaja Ampat. Ekuphathweni kwezinhlekelele, ukuqapha i-SST kubalulekile nasekuqondeni izimo ezisekela ukwakheka kweziphepho zasezindaweni ezishisayo noma imvula enkulu emanzini azungeze i-Indonesia.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SST idlala indima ebalulekile ezifundweni ze-monsoon dynamics, i-upwelling eningizimu yeJava–Nusa Tenggara, kanye nokusebenzisana kwamanje njenge-Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). Ngokusebenzisa idatha yesathelayithi yesikhathi esiningi, abacwaningi bangabona ukuthi i-upwelling yenzeka nini futhi kuphi, okuvame ukubonakala ngokuncipha kwe-SST kanye nokwanda komkhiqizo wamanzi.
I-Penutup
Ukuqapha izinga lokushisa lolwandle kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokubona kude sekuyinto ebalulekile yocwaningo lwesimanje lwe-oceanographic kanye nezinsizakalo zolwazi lwasolwandle. Ngokumbozwa kwayo okubanzi, izibuyekezo ezisheshayo, kanye nokutholakala ezingobo zomlando zesikhathi eside, idatha yesathelayithi ye-SST ivumela ukuhlaziywa okunzima ukukwenza kusetshenziswa izilinganiso ze-in situ kuphela. Ngenkathi izinselelo ezifana nokuphazamiseka kwamafu, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, kanye nemikhawulo yokuxazulula ezindaweni ezisogwini zisekhona, intuthuko yezinzwa, ama-algorithms, kanye nemikhiqizo ehlanganisiwe iyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yolwazi lwe-SST.
Kusukela manje, ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha yesathelayithi nezilinganiso zangaphakathi kanye namamodeli omoya-mpilo wolwandle kuzoqinisa kakhulu amakhono okubikezela kanye nokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi. E-Indonesia, ukusetshenziswa kwe-SST esekelwe ekutholeni kude akubalulekile nje kuphela ocwaningweni kodwa futhi kuyisu lokuphepha kokudla kwasolwandle, ukunciphisa izinhlekelele, kanye nokuphathwa kwezinsiza zasolwandle okusimeme. Uma kuphathwa kahle, ulwazi lwe-SST lungakha isisekelo sezinqumo ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa ekubhekaneni nezinselele zesimo sezulu eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuguquguquka kolwandle.
