Umthelela Wokudoba Okungekho Emthethweni Ezinsizeni Zasolwandle
Ukudoba okungekho emthethweni, okungabikwa, nokungalawulwa (IUU) kungenye yezinsongo ezinkulu ekuqhubekeni kwezinsiza zasolwandle emhlabeni wonke, okuhlanganisa ne-Indonesia. Lo msebenzi awugcini nje ngokungemthetho kodwa futhi unemiphumela ebanzi yezemvelo, yezomnotho, kanye neyezenhlalo. Lapho izinhlanzi zivunwa zingalawulwa futhi ngaphandle kokubheka imikhawulo yokubamba, ulwandle lulahlekelwa amandla alo okululama. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukudoba okungekho emthethweni kungaphazamisa ibhalansi yezindawo zemvelo futhi kusongele ukuphepha kokudla kwemiphakathi yasogwini.
Ukuqonda ukudoba okungekho emthethweni
Ukudoba okungekho emthethweni kuhlanganisa imikhuba eminingi, okuhlanganisa ukudoba ngaphandle kwemvume, ukusebenzisa izinto zokudoba ezingavunyelwe (isib., amabhomu ezinhlanzi, ubuthi, noma ama-trawl angahambisani nemithethonqubo), ukudoba ezindaweni zokulondolozwa kwemvelo, ukuqamba amanga ngemininingwane yokubamba, kanye nokukhubaza izinhlelo zokulandelela imikhumbi ukuze kugwenywe ukubhekwa. Le misebenzi ivame ukwenziwa ngabasebenzi abancane kanye namanethiwekhi amakhulu, ahlelekile, okuhlanganisa nemikhumbi yangaphandle engena emanzini ezwe ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngenxa yokuthi lo mkhuba ufihliwe futhi kunzima ukuwulandela, ukulahlekelwa kwangempela kuvame ukwedlula izibalo ezirekhodiwe.
Umthelela wemvelo: izinhlanzi ziyawa futhi izimiso zemvelo ziyaphazamiseka
Umthelela osobala kakhulu wokudoba ngokungemthetho ukwehla kwezinhlanzi. Inani ngalinye lezinhlanzi linamandla okuzala alinganiselwe. Uma inani lezinhlanzi ezibanjwayo lidlula ikhono labantu lokululama, izinhlanzi zizoncipha kakhulu. Lokhu kwehla akugcini nje ngokuthinta uhlobo olulodwa lwezinhlanzi, kodwa kungasakazekela ezinhlotsheni eziningi ngoba izimiso zemvelo zasolwandle zixhumene.
Ngaphezu kokunciphisa inani lezinhlanzi ezindala, imikhuba engekho emthethweni ivame ukuhilela ukubamba amaphuphu amancane angakatholi ithuba lokuzala. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuvuselelwa kwenani kuyaphazamiseka futhi ukubuyiswa kwesitoko kuba nzima kakhulu. Ezinye izinhlobo zithatha iminyaka ukuze zifinyelele usayizi wobudala, okwenza imiphumela ihlale isikhathi eside futhi kube nzima ukuyibuyisela emuva.
Ukudoba okungekho emthethweni nakho kubangela ukungalingani ochungechungeni lokudla. Uma izilwane ezidla ezinye njenge-tuna, oshaka, noma ama-grouper zixhashazwa ngokweqile, inani lezilwane ezidla ezinye linganda ngokungalawuleki futhi lishintshe isakhiwo semiphakathi yasolwandle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma izinhlanzi ezincane ezikhonza njengokudla kwezinye izinhlanzi zasemanzini zincipha, izilwane ezidla ezinye nazo ziyancipha. Lokhu kungalingani kungashintsha ukusebenza kwe-ecosystem, kunciphise ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo , futhi kuholele ekubuseni kwezinhlobo ezithile ezikwazi ukumelana nengcindezi.
Ukubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala: amadwala e-coral kanye nolwandle kuyasongelwa
Izindlela eziningi zokudoba ngokungemthetho ziyabhubhisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwamabhomu ezinhlanzi kungabhubhisa ama-coral reef ngemizuzwana. Noma kunjalo, ama-coral reef ayikhaya lezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle , lapho izinhlanzi zihlala khona, zondle futhi zizalane khona. Ukubhujiswa kwama-coral reef kubangela ukuthi izinhlanzi zilahlekelwe yindawo yokuhlala ebalulekile, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwabantu ngokushesha.
Ezinye izinto zokudoba ezisetshenziswa ngokungalawulwa, njengezinhlanzi ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezingavunyelwe, zingaguguleka phansi kolwandle futhi zilimaze imibhede yotshani basolwandle kanye nezindawo zokuzalela. Izindawo zokuhlala ezibhujisiwe zithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ukuze ziphinde zilulame, ngisho namashumi eminyaka. Uma izindawo zokuhlala sezibhujisiwe, imizamo yokubuyisela izinhlanzi iba nzima kakhulu, noma ngabe ukudoba kuyekwa.
Ukubanjwa ngokungemthetho kanye nokufa kwezinhlobo ezingahlosiwe
Ukudoba ngokungemthetho kuvame ukunganaki imithetho yokukhetha imishini. Ngenxa yalokho, izilwane eziningi zasolwandle ezingahlosiwe ziyabanjwa (zibanjwe ngokungahleliwe), njengezimfudu, amahlengethwa, oshaka, imisebe, izinyoni zasolwandle, ngisho nezinhlanzi ezingenanzuzo enkulu kwezomnotho. Eziningi zalezi zilwane ziyafa ngaphambi kokuba zikhululwe.
I-bycatch isongela izinhlobo ezinabantu abasengozini kakade. Isibonelo, ezinye izinhlobo zezimfudu zasolwandle noma oshaka zinezinga eliphansi lokuzala, okwenza kube nzima ukululama uma inani elikhulu lifa. Ukulahlekelwa yilezi zinhlobo akuyona nje inkinga yokulondolozwa kwemvelo kodwa futhi kuphazamisa ibhalansi ye-ecosystem, njengoba zidlala indima ethile, njengokulawula inani noma ukugcina impilo ye-ecosystem.
Umthelela kwezomnotho : ukulahlekelwa kombuso kanye nabadobi abasemthethweni
Ngokombono wezomnotho, ukudoba ngokungemthetho kubangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kuhulumeni ngokulahlekelwa yimali engenayo yentela, izimali zamalayisense, kanye nenzuzo engaba khona yokushintshaniswa kwemali yangaphandle evela ekuthunyelweni kwezinhlanzi okusemthethweni. Imikhiqizo yezinhlanzi engekho emthethweni ivame ukungena ochungechungeni lokuhlinzeka ingabhalisiwe, ngaleyo ndlela ilahlekelwe yinani lezomnotho okufanele likhuphukele kuhulumeni kanye namabhizinisi asemthethweni.
Ngisho nabadobi abagcina umthetho bayahlupheka. Lapho imikhumbi engekho emthethweni ivuna izinhlanzi eziningi, izinhlanzi ziyaphela, okuphoqa abadobi bendawo ukuba bahambe baye kude olwandle, bachithe uphethiloli nesikhathi esiningi ukuze bathole imiphumela efanayo. Kwezinye izimo, abadobi abancane baphoqeleka ngisho nokuyeka imisebenzi yabo yokudoba ngoba izindleko zokusebenza azilingani nemali engenayo. Ukuncintisana kuba okungafanele: abaqhubi abangekho emthethweni bangathengisa izinhlanzi ngamanani aphansi ngokugwema izinkokhelo zezimvume, ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nezilinganiso, kanye nokungazinaki izindinganiso zokuphepha nezemvelo.
Imiphumela yezenhlalo: izingxabano, ubumpofu, kanye nokuvikeleka kokudla
Ukwehla kwezinhlanzi kanye nokwehla kwemali engenayo yabadobi kungaholela ezinkingeni zomphakathi. Ezindaweni eziningi ezisogwini , izinhlanzi ziwumthombo oyinhloko wamaprotheni kanye nomgogodla womnotho womndeni. Uma ukubanjwa kuncipha, imiphakathi ibhekene nengozi yokwanda kobumpofu kanye nokwehla kwekhwalithi yokudla okunempilo.
Ukudoba okungekho emthethweni nakho kungabangela izingxabano phakathi kwabadobi, kokubili phakathi kwabadobi bendawo kanye nemikhumbi emikhulu kanye naphakathi kwemiphakathi encintisana ngezindawo zokudoba. Lezi zingxabano zingaholela ekungezwani komphakathi, ubudlova, kanye nokulahlekelwa ukuphepha olwandle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhuba engekho emthethweni ehilela amanethiwekhi amakhulu ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu, njengokusebenza ngenkani, ukushushumbiswa kwabantu, kanye nezimo zokusebenza ezimbi emikhunjini. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imiphumela yokudoba ngokungemthetho idlulela ngale kolwandle futhi idlulele ngale kwesintu.
Umthelela ekuphathweni kwezokudoba: idatha eyonakele, izinqubomgomo ezingalungile
Ukuphathwa kahle kokudoba kudinga idatha enembile yokubamba, okuhlanganisa inani, izinhlobo, nobukhulu bezinhlanzi, kanye nendawo ezibanjwe kuyo. Ukudoba ngokungemthetho kuphazamisa lolu hlelo ngokungabiki noma ukungamanga ngezinhlanzi ezibanjiwe. Ngenxa yalokho, ososayensi nohulumeni bayazabalaza ukuhlola isimo sangempela sezinhlanzi ezibanjiwe.
Uma idatha esetshenziselwa ukwazisa ukwenziwa kwenqubomgomo ingasasebenzi, izinqumo ezinjengokubeka izilinganiso, izinkathi zokudoba, noma ukuvala izindawo zokulondolozwa kwemvelo zingaba namaphutha. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, izinqubomgomo zingaba zide kakhulu, zisheshise ukwehla kwesitokwe, noma ziqine kakhulu, zilimaze abadobi abasemthethweni ngaphandle kokubhekana nomsuka wenkinga, okungukuthi abadobi abangekho emthethweni abangalandeli imithetho.
Izindlela zokuvimbela kanye nezixazululo
Ukubhekana nokudoba okungekho emthethweni kudinga ukubambisana kwababambiqhaza abaningi. Ukuqinisa ukuqapha olwandle ngokusebenzisa ukuqapha, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha imikhumbi (i-VMS/AIS), kanye nokuqiniswa komthetho kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucaca ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwezinhlanzi kudinga ukuthuthukiswa ukuze kuvinjelwe izinhlanzi ezingekho emthethweni ukuthi zingangeni kalula emakethe.
Isitifiketi sokudoba esiqhubekayo, ukuqoshwa kwezinhlanzi ezibanjiwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokulandelela kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abathengi bathola imikhiqizo esemthethweni neyongamela imvelo . Imiphakathi nayo idlala indima ngokukhetha imikhiqizo yokudoba enemvelaphi ecacile kanye nokusekela abadobi abenza imikhuba yokudoba enomthwalo wemfanelo.
Ezingeni lomphakathi, imfundo kanye nokunika amandla abadobi kubalulekile. Izindlela zokuziphilisa ezihlukile, ukutshala okusimeme, kanye nokuqinisa imifelandawonye yabadobi kunganciphisa ukuthembela emikhubeni ebhubhisayo. Ukuvikela izindawo zokuzala nokukhulisa izinhlanzi ngezindawo zokulondolozwa ezilawulwa ngokuhlanganyela komphakathi nakho kuye kwabonakala kusiza ekubuyiselweni kwemfuyo.
I-Penutup
Ukudoba ngokungemthetho kunomthelela omkhulu ezinsizeni zasolwandle: izinhlanzi ziyawa, ukubhujiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala, izinhlobo ezingahlosiwe ziyasongelwa, umnotho uyahlupheka futhi abadobi abasemthethweni bayahlupheka, kanye nokuvikeleka kokudla kwemiphakathi yasogwini kuyaphazamiseka. Le miphumela ixhumene futhi ingahlala isikhathi eside uma ingaxazululwa ngokungathi sína. Ngenxa yokuthi ulwandle luwumthombo wokuphila kwabantu abaningi, ukulondoloza ukuzinza kwalo kusho ukuvikela ikusasa. Imizamo yokuqeda ukudoba ngokungemthetho ayiphathelene nokuphoqelelwa komthetho kuphela, kodwa futhi nokutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside ohlelweni lwemvelo, emnothweni, kanye nenhlalakahle yomphakathi.
