Izindawo Zolwandle Ezisekelwe Ekujuleni: Ukwembula Izimfihlakalo Zamanzi Ajulile
Ulwandle luyingxenye ebalulekile yeplanethi yethu, lumboza cishe u-71% wobuso boMhlaba. Ngaphansi kobuso bolwandle obubonakala bufana okwesibhakabhaka, ukuhlukahluka okufihliwe kokujula kudala ububanzi obuhlukahlukene bezindawo zemvelo ezihlukile kanye nezindawo. Ulwazi lwethu ngolwandle luye lwanda ngokushesha, futhi enye indlela yokuqonda lobu bunzima ukuhlela ulwandle ngokujula. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezindawo ezahlukene zolwandle kanye nezici zazo ngokusekelwe ekujuleni kwamanzi.
1. Indawo ye-Epipelagic (amamitha angu-0-200)
Indawo ye-epipelagic, eyaziwa nangokuthi indawo ye-photic, iwungqimba oluphezulu kakhulu lwekholomu yamanzi ekhanyiswa ukukhanya kwelanga. Ukujula kwayo kusuka ebusweni kuya cishe kumamitha angu-200. Ngenxa yokuchayeka kwayo elangeni kakhulu, le ndawo yilapho iningi le-photosynthesis lenzeka khona, okuvumela ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle njenge-plankton, izinhlanzi, nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle.
Indawo ezungezile kule ndawo ikhiqiza kakhulu. I-algae kanye ne-phytoplankton zisebenzisa ukukhanya kwelanga ukuze zenze i-photosynthesis, zakha isisekelo sochungechunge lokudla kwasolwandle. Izinhlanzi ezifana ne-tuna, oshaka, namahlengethwa zivame ukutholakala endaweni ye-epipelagic, zizingela inyamazane noma zigwema izilwane ezidla ezinye. Le ndawo futhi iyikhaya lokudoba ngebhizinisi, okunikeza iningi lokudla kwasolwandle okudliwa ngabantu.
2. Indawo yeMesopelagic (amamitha angu-200-1000)
Ngaphansi kwendawo ye-epipelagic kukhona indawo ye-mesopelagic, esukela kumamitha angaba ngu-200 kuya kumamitha ayi-1000 ukujula. Ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi "indawo yokukhanya kwelanga," ukukhanya kwelanga okufinyelela kule ndawo kufiphele kakhulu futhi kancane kancane kuye kumnyama. Lokhu kudala indawo engenabo ububele kunendawo ephezulu.
Endaweni ye-mesopelagic, izilwane zasolwandle kumele zivumelane nokuntuleka kokukhanya. Izinto eziphilayo eziningi lapha zi-bioluminescent, zisebenzisa ukukhanya kwemvelo ngezinhloso ezahlukene, njengokuheha abangane, ukugwema izilwane ezidla ezinye, noma ukuheha izilwane ezidla ezinye. Izibonelo ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi i-squid, i-jellyfish, kanye ne-lanternfish. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo eziningi kule ndawo ziyakwazi ukuhamba ziqonde nsuku zonke, zithuthele ezingqimbeni eziphezulu ebusuku ukuze ziyofuna ukudla futhi zicashe emanzini ajulile emini ukuze zigweme izilwane ezidla ezinye.
3. Indawo Yokuhlanzeka Kwama-Bathyleplagic (amamitha ayi-1000-4000)
Uma siqhubeka sijula, sifika endaweni yokugeza, eyaziwa nangokuthi "indawo yaphakathi kwamabili" ngoba akukho ukukhanya kwelanga okufinyelela kule ndawo. Le ndawo isukela kumamitha ayi-1000 kuya kwangu-4000 ukujula. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi lapha libanda kakhulu, ingcindezi iphakeme kakhulu, kanti indawo imnyama kakhulu. Lezi zimo zidinga ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okukhulu kwezidalwa ezihlala lapha.
Izakhamuzi eziningi zendawo ye-bathypelagic ziye zakha izindlela ezikhethekile zokusinda. Izinhlanzi, izilwane ezinamagobolondo, kanye nezilwane ezihlukahlukene ezingenamgogodla zinemizimba ethambile noma eguquguqukayo ukuze zimelane nokucindezeleka okuphezulu. Amehlo azo ngokuvamile makhulu noma awekho nhlobo, zithembele kwezinye izinzwa ezifana nokudlidliza noma i-chemistry ukuze zizingele ukudla futhi zigweme ingozi. Ezinye izinhlobo eziphawulekayo zifaka phakathi i-anglerfish, eyaziwa "ngenduku yokudoba" ekhanyayo phambi komlomo wayo ukuze ihehe inyamazane, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezibungu ze-polychaete.
4. Indawo ye-Abyssopelagic (4000-6000 amamitha)
Ngaphansi kwendawo yokugeza kukhona indawo ye-abyssopelagic, eyaziwa nangokuthi indawo ye-abyssal. Le ndawo isukela ekujuleni kwamamitha angu-4000 kuya ku-6000. Yilapho indawo yasolwandle iba khona kakhulu. Umfutho wamanzi ufinyelela ezinkulungwaneni zezindawo ezizungezile, amazinga okushisa acishe abe yiqhwa, futhi ubumnyama obuphelele bubusa umkhathi.
Izinhlelo zemvelo endaweni yase-abyssopelagic zincane kakhulu kunezo ezisezindaweni ezingajulile. Kodwa-ke, impilo isathola izindlela zokusinda kulezi zinzulu. Lezi zinhlelo zemvelo zingafaka phakathi izinto eziphilayo ezifana nama-giant sea cucumber, i-starfish, ama-crustacean, nezinhlanzi ezijwayele izimo ezimbi kakhulu. Ukudla kwazo kuvame ukuthembela "eqhweni lasolwandle," izinto eziphilayo eziwa kancane kancane ezingqimbeni zamanzi eziphezulu futhi zisebenze njengomthombo wokudla oyinhloko.
5. Indawo ye-Hadalpelagic (amamitha angu-6000-11000)
Indawo ejulile yolwandle yindawo ye-hadalpelagic, ehlanganisa izindawo ezijulile kakhulu, njenge-Mariana Trench, efinyelela ekujuleni okungamamitha angaba ngu-11000. Izimo kule ndawo zenza kube ngenye yezindawo ezingafaneleki ukwamukela izivakashi eMhlabeni. Izingcindezi lapha zingafinyelela ingcindezi yomoya ephindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-1000 ezingeni lolwandle, futhi amazinga okushisa amanzi angabanda kakhulu, asondele ekubandeni.
Naphezu kwendawo enzima kakhulu, ezinye izinhlobo zokuphila ziyakwazi ukusinda endaweni ye-hadalpelagic. Lezi zinhlobo zifaka phakathi ama-amphipod, ama-isopod amakhulu, kanye nezinhlobo eziningana zezibungu. Eziningi zalezi zinhlobo zisalokhu ziyimfihlakalo kososayensi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ivumele ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kule ndawo, kwembula ukuhlukahluka okumangalisayo kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo okuhlukile okuvumela ukusinda ekujuleni okumangalisayo kangaka.
Isiphetho: Izimangaliso Zolwandle Olujulile
Ukuhlukanisa ulwandle ngokujula kusinika ukuqonda okujulile ngobunkimbinkimbi bempilo ngaphansi kolwandle. Indawo ngayinye inezici zayo ezihlukile, ezingokwenyama nezingokwebhayoloji, ezithonya izici zokuphila okukuyo. Naphezu kokulinganiselwa kwethu ekuhloleni ukujula kolwandle, ubuchwepheshe besimanje, njengezinto ezingaphansi kwamanzi kanye namarobhothi angaphansi kwamanzi, buyaqhubeka nokuvula amafasitela amasha okuqonda nokwazisa ukuhlukahluka nobuhle bolwandle obungakahlolwa.
Kusukela endaweni egcwele ukukhanya kwe-epipelagic kuya endaweni emnyama kakhulu ye-hadalpelagic, izilwandle zethu ziphethe izimfihlo eziningi. Ukuhlola nokuqonda lezi zindawo zolwandle ezijulile akugcini nje ngokuthakazelisa ngokwesayensi kodwa futhi kubalulekile ekulondolozweni nasekusetshenzisweni okusimeme kwezinsiza zasolwandle. Ngolwazi oluthe xaxa, singavikela futhi silondoloze ngokuhlakanipha izindawo zemvelo zasolwandle zezizukulwane ezizayo.
