Amandla Okukhanga Phakathi Kwamaplanethi
Amaplanethi azungeza iLanga ohlelweni lwethu lwelanga athonywa kakhulu amandla ahlukahlukene adonsela phansi. Selokhu u-Isaac Newton ethula umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi okokuqala, ulwazi lokuxhumana phakathi kwamaplanethi luye lwathuthuka ngokushesha, okuholela ekuqondeni okujulile kwamandla asebenzayo. Isici esibalulekile sesayensi yezinkanyezi ukuqonda amandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwamaplanethi nokuthi athonya kanjani ukuzungeza kwawo nezici zawo.
Umthetho KaNewton Wokudonsa Amandla
Ukuze siqonde amandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwamaplanethi, kumelwe siqale ngomthetho wamandla adonsela phansi owasungulwa nguSir Isaac Newton ngekhulu le-17. Umthetho kaNewton wamandla adonsela phansi uthi: "Zonke izinhlayiya endaweni yonke zidonsela zonke ezinye izinhlayiya ngamandla alingana ngqo nomkhiqizo wobuningi bazo futhi alingana ngokuphambene nesikwele sebanga eliphakathi kwazo." Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho izinto ezimbili ziseduze, kulapho amandla okukhanga phakathi kwazo eba makhulu khona, futhi lapho ubukhulu bazo bukhula khona, kulapho amandla okukhanga eba makhulu khona.
Indlela yokwenza izibalo yile: \( F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2} \), lapho \( F \) kungamandla okukhanga, \( G \) kungukuguquguquka okungaguquki, \( m_1 \) kanye \( m_2 \) kungubuningi bezinto ezimbili, kanye \( r \) ibanga eliphakathi kwezikhungo zezinto ezimbili.
Ukusebenzisana Kwamandla Adonsela Phansi Phakathi Kwamaplanethi
Nakuba amandla ayinhloko athonya ukuzungeza kwamaplanethi kungukudonsa kwelanga, amaplanethi nawo ayathonyana. Uma amaplanethi amabili esondelene, ayadonselana, okungabangela izinguquko ekuzungeza kwawo. Lokhu kusebenzisana kungaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngoba kuhilela izinto ezingaphezu kwezimbili, ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi inkinga ye-n-body.
Isibonelo, iJupiter inethonya elikhulu lamandla adonsela phansi kumaplanethi aseduze, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu. Ithonya lamandla adonsela phansi lalesi siqhwaga segesi lingabangela ukushintshashintsha kwe-orbital futhi mhlawumbe lithinte ngisho nokuthambekela kwezimbazo ezijikelezayo zamanye amaplanethi.
Umphumela Wokuzwakala Kwe-Orbital
Enye indlela yokusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwamaplanethi yi-orbital resonance. I-orbital resonance yenzeka lapho izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zasezulwini zinezikhathi ze-orbital ezihlobene nesilinganiso esilula senombolo ephelele. Isibonelo, ama-asteroid amaningana ebhande eliyinhloko le-asteroid ahambisana ne-orbital resonance ne-Jupiter, okusho ukuthi aqedela imijikelezo yawo ngeziphindaphindo ezilula zesikhathi se-orbital sikaJupiter. Izibonelo ezidumile zalokhu kuvumelana yi-resonance engu-2:1 no-3:2 phakathi kwama-asteroids ne-Jupiter.
Ukukhanya kwe-orbital akubalulekile nje kuphela ebhandeni le-asteroid; umphumela uyabonakala nasezinyangeni zeJupiter neSaturn. Isibonelo, izinyanga i-Io, i-Europa, ne-Ganymede zihambisana ngesilinganiso esingu-1:2:4, okusho ukuthi kuzo zonke izindlela ezine i-Io eqeda ngazo, i-Europa iqeda ezimbili, kanti i-Ganymede iqeda i-orbit eyodwa egcwele.
Lokhu kuzwana kunegalelo ekuzinzeni kwesikhathi eside emizuliswaneni futhi kunciphisa amathuba okushayisana phakathi kwezinto. Kodwa-ke, kungandisa nokuzamazama komhlaba kwangaphakathi ezintweni ngenxa yokushintsha kwamandla olwandle, njengoba kwenzeka ezinyangeni zikaJupiter i-Europa ne-Io, lapho amandla adonsela phansi edala khona umsebenzi wezintaba-mlilo kanye neziqongo zeqhwa ezingase zibe nezilwandle ngaphansi kwazo.
Ithonya Lamandla Adonsela Phansi likaSaturn noJupiter
Amaplanethi amabili amakhulu kakhulu ohlelweni lwethu lwelanga, iJupiter neSaturn, anethonya elikhulu lamandla adonsela phansi, hhayi komunye nomunye kuphela kodwa nakulo lonke uhlelo lwelanga. IJupiter, enobunzima bayo obuphindwe kabili kunobamanye amaplanethi ahlangene, idlala indima enkulu ekunqumeni ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo se-Asteroid Belt kanye nezindawo zamaplanethi angaphandle.
I-Saturn, nakuba ilula kune-Jupiter, nayo inethonya elinamandla. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-Jupiter ne-Saturn kwaziwa ukuthi kubangele izinguquko ezinkulu ohlelweni lwelanga lokuqala, okuhlanganisa ukufuduka kwama-giant gas kusuka emijikelezweni yawo yokuqala kanye nekhono lawo "lokuhlanza" imijikelezo yawo ngothuli namatshe. Leli thonya liyabonakala futhi ekwakhekeni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-tectonic kanye nokuthambekela kwamasongo e-Saturn.
Umphumela Wamandla Akhangayo Emijikelezweni Ye-Exoplanet
Umqondo wokukhanga phakathi kwamaplanethi awugcini nje ohlelweni lwethu lwelanga. Ukutholakala kwamaplanethi angaphandle—amaplanethi azungeza ezinye izinkanyezi—kuvule indawo entsha kososayensi ukuze bahlole amamodeli adonsela phansi kanye namandla okujikeleza. Izinhlelo eziningi zamaplanethi angaphandle zibonisa ubufakazi bokukhanya kwe-orbital kanye nethonya elinamandla lamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwamaplanethi.
Isibonelo, uhlelo lwe-TRAPPIST-1 lunamaplanethi ayisikhombisa aseduze kakhulu anezilinganiso ezithile ze-orbital ezibonisa izimpawu zokuzwana okuyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuqonda amandla okukhanga phakathi kwala maplanethi kusiza izazi zezinkanyezi ukuthi zifunde kabanzi ngomlando oguquguqukayo wezinhlelo zangaphandle njengezethu.
Umthelela Ezimweni Eziphakeme Zomhlaba
Ngaphezu kokuxhumana okuqondile kwamandla adonsela phansi, amandla adonsela phansi kwamanye amaplanethi angathinta noMhlaba kanye nendawo yawo esemkhathini. Isibonelo, izikhundla zeJupiter neSaturn zingathinta ukuthambekela kwe-axial yoMhlaba ngezikhathi ezinde kakhulu, okungathinta isimo sezulu somhlaba. Amagagasi olwandle abangelwa amandla adonsela phansi eNyanga neLanga ngokuqinisekile ayaziwa kakhulu, kodwa umqondo "wamagagasi" aphakathi kwamaplanethi ngezinga elikhulu nawo uyindawo ethakazelisayo yokufunda.
Isiphetho
Ukuqonda ukukhanga okudonsela phansi phakathi kwamaplanethi akubalulekile nje kuphela olwazini lwethiyori kodwa futhi kunezindlela ezisebenzayo emikhakheni eminingi, okuhlanganisa ukuhlola isikhala kanye nokubikezela umkhathi. Kusukela ethonyeni elinamandla likaJupiter kuya ekuphendukeni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-orbital, ukukhanga okudonsela phansi okuhlanganisa amaplanethi kungenye yamandla ayisisekelo akha ukuguquguquka kwesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukubonwa kanye nokulingisa kwamakhompyutha kuye kwajulisa ukuqonda kwethu ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamaplanethi. Lolu lwazi olwandisiwe alusizi nje kuphela ukugcina ukuvumelana kwesimiso sonozungezilanga kodwa futhi lusiza ekuqondeni izinhlelo zamaplanethi ezikude kakhulu nomthala wethu. Ukudonswa kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwamaplanethi kungenye yezimfihlakalo zendawo yonke, futhi lapho sikufunda kakhulu, kulapho siqaphela khona ubuhle bezibalo kanye namandla angokwenyama alawula ukuba khona kwethu.
