Incazelo Yamandla Kamagnetic
Amandla kazibuthe angenye yamandla emvelo ahlobene kakhulu nokuphila kwansuku zonke, kodwa ngokuvamile azwakala "eyimfihlakalo" ngoba asebenza ngaphandle kokuthintana ngqo. Singakubona lapho uzibuthe udonsa isipikili, inaliti yekhampasi ikhomba enyakatho, noma lapho injini kagesi iguqula amandla kagesi abe ukunyakaza. Ngemuva kwalezi zimo, amandla kazibuthe anencazelo eqinile yesayensi futhi abalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe besimanje. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngencazelo yamandla kazibuthe, imithombo yawo, indlela asebenza ngayo, kanye nezibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwawo empilweni yansuku zonke.
Iyini Amandla Kamagnetic?
Kalula nje, amandla kazibuthe angamandla avela ethonyeni lensimu kazibuthe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenye imagnethi, izinto ezithile (njengensimbi), noma ishaja kagesi ehambayo. La mandla angamandla angathintani (amandla angasebenza kude) ngoba izinto akudingeki zithintane ukuze zidonselene noma zixoshane.
Ku-physics, amandla kazibuthe ahlobene eduze ne-electromagnetism, ubudlelwano phakathi kukagesi ne-magnetism. I-magnetism akuyona nje "impahla yezinto ezithile," kodwa iyingxenye yokusebenzisana okuyisisekelo okuchaza nokuthi ugesi, amasimu kagesi, kanye namasimu kazibuthe adlala kanjani indima ezinhlelweni eziningi zemvelo nezobuchwepheshe.
Insimu Kamagnetic: "Indawo Yethonya" Likamagnet
Ukuze amandla kazibuthe asebenze, kumele kube nensimu kazibuthe. Insimu kazibuthe ingaqondwa njengendawo ezungeze uzibuthe noma umqhubi othwala ugesi lapho amandla kazibuthe angazwakala khona. Insimu kazibuthe ivame ukuboniswa ngemigqa yensimu kazibuthe:
– Imigqa yasensimini iphuma esigxotsheni esisenyakatho (N) bese ingena esigxotsheni esiseningizimu (S) ngaphandle kwemagnethi.
– Uma imigqa yensimu isondela, insimu kazibuthe iba namandla kakhulu.
– Imigqa yasensimini ayikaze ihlangane.
Umqondo wensimu yamagnetic usiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani isipikili sidonseka lapho silethwa eduze kwemagnethi: isipikili singaphakathi kwethonya lensimu yamagnetic ngakho-ke sithola amandla asidonsela kumagnethi.
Izigxobo ZikaMagnetic kanye Nokuxhumana Kokukhanga Nokuxosha
Imagnethi ngayinye inezinsika ezimbili: insika yasenyakatho (N) kanye nensika yaseningizimu (S). Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinsika kulandela umthetho olula:
– Njengezinsika ziyaxoshana (u-N no-N, u-S no-S).
– Izinsika ezahlukene ziyaheha (N no-S).
Lesi simo singabonakala ngama-magnet amabili ebha. Uma ingxenye esenyakatho yomunye umazibuthe ilethwa eduze komkhawulo osenyakatho womunye umazibuthe, azosuka komunye nomunye. Kodwa-ke, uma ingxenye esenyakatho ilethwa eduze komkhawulo oseningizimu, azosondela ndawonye futhi anamathele ndawonye.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, omaginethi abanalo ipali elilodwa. Uma umaginethi unqunywa phakathi, ucezu ngalunye luzobe lusenepali elisenyakatho neliseningizimu. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izakhiwo zikamaginethi azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa zibe "ipali elilodwa" ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile.
Avelaphi Ama-Magnets?
Omaginethi esibaziyo bangavela emithonjeni eminingana:
1. Omaginethi abangapheli, njengamagnethi ebha noma omaginethi e-neodymium. Lawa maginethi agcina amandla awo okubamba isikhathi eside.
2. Ama-electromagnet, angama-magnet adalwe ukugeleza kwamandla kagesi nge-coil yocingo (i-solenoid), ngokuvamile anomgogodla wensimbi. Ama-electromagnet angavulwa futhi acinywe, futhi amandla awo angalungiswa ngokushintsha amandla kagesi noma inani lokujika.
3. Omaginethi bemvelo, njenge-lodestone, equkethe i-magnetite yamaminerali futhi engadonsela insimbi ngokwemvelo.
Ezingeni elincane kakhulu, amandla kazibuthe avela ekunyakazeni kwama-electron kanye nempahla yangaphakathi yama-electron ebizwa ngokuthi "i-spin." Ezintweni ze-ferromagnetic ezifana ne-iron, i-cobalt, ne-nickel, izikhathi eziningi ze-athomu kazibuthe zingaqondana ohlangothini olulodwa, zikhiqize insimu enamandla kazibuthe.
Amandla Kamagnetic Ekushajeni Okuhambayo
Ngaphezu kokusebenza kuma-magnet nezinto ze-ferromagnetic, amandla kazibuthe nawo athinta ukushaja kukagesi okuhambayo. Lokhu kuyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe obuningi njengezimoto zikagesi kanye namajeneretha.
Ngokomqondo, uma inhlayiya eshajiwe (isb., i-electron) ihamba ensimini yamagnetic, izobhekana namandla aqondile kokubili ohlangothini lokunyakaza kanye nohlangothi lwensimu yamagnetic. Ngenxa yalokho, indlela yenhlayiya ingaphambuka noma yenziwe ibe yindilinga. Lesi simiso sisetshenziswa ku:
– Ishubhu ye-Cathode ray (ubuchwepheshe besikrini esidala),
- Isisheshisi sezinhlayiya,
– Isihlukanisi sezinhlayiya esisekelwe ekushajeni nasebuningini.
Nakuba amafomula angokomzimba njengamandla kaLorentz evame ukufundwa ezikoleni noma emanyuvesi, umqondo oyinhloko ucacile: omaginethi “bangaphambukisa” ukuhamba kwamanani okunyakaza.
Izici Ezithinta Ubukhulu Bamandla Kamagnetic
Amandla kazibuthe ancike ezintweni eziningana, okuhlanganisa:
1. Amandla ensimu yamagnetic: imagnet enamandla ikhiqiza amandla amakhulu.
2. Ibanga: lapho into iseduze nomagnet, kulapho amandla okudonsa eba makhulu khona.
3. Uhlobo lwezinto: insimbi nensimbi kukhangwa kalula omazibuthe, kuyilapho i-aluminium nethusi kubuthakathaka kakhulu ekusabeleni kwabo. Izinkuni nepulasitiki ngokuvamile azikhangwa omazibuthe.
4. Isimo samandla kagesi adonsayo noma kagesi: ku-electromagnet, lapho amandla kagesi eba maningi futhi ephenduka kakhulu, kulapho amandla kazibuthe eba maningi khona.
Ngenxa yokuthi kunezinto eziningi ezihilelekile, amandla kazibuthe asetshenziswayo avame ukuhlolwa ngokuhlola okulula: ukuletha uzibuthe eduze kwezinto ezahlukahlukene, noma ukulungisa ibanga nokubona ushintsho lwamandla.
Izibonelo Zamandla Amagnetic Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke
Amandla kazibuthe akuyona nje indaba yesifundo. Asebenza kumadivayisi nezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene esizisebenzisayo:
1. Ikhampasi
Inaliti yekhampasi iyimagnethi encane ehambisana nensimu yamagnetic yoMhlaba. Yingakho ikhampasi ikhomba enyakatho-eningizimu.
2. Umnyango wesiqandisi kanye nokukhiya okune-magnetic
I-magnetic strip emnyango wesiqandisi isebenzisa ukukhanga okunamandla ukuze igcine umnyango uvaliwe kahle.
3. Izipikha nama-headphone
Izikhulumi zisebenzisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kogesi okwikhoyili kanye nensimu yamagnetic ehlala njalo ukuze kudlidlize ulwelwesi, kukhiqizwe umsindo.
4. Injini kagesi
Ama-motor asebenza ngoba amandla kazibuthe akhiqiza i-torque kukhoyili ethwala ugesi, okwenza i-rotor ijikeleze. Cishe zonke izinto zasendlini zanamuhla zihilela ama-motor: amafeni, ama-blender, amaphampu amanzi, ngisho nemishini yokuwasha.
5. Amajeneretha nezitshalo zikagesi
Ijenereyitha “iphambene” nenjini: ukunyakaza komshini kuzungeza ikhoyili ensimini yamagnetic, kukhiqize ugesi. Lesi yisimiso esiyisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwamandla.
6. Isitimela se-Maglev (ukuhanjiswa kwamandla kagesi)
Izitimela ze-Maglev ziyagxuma ngaphezu kwezitimela ngenxa yokuxoshwa kwamagnetic kanye nokulawulwa kwe-electromagnetic, kunciphisa ukungqubuzana futhi kuvumela isivinini esikhulu.
7. I-MRI (Umfanekiso Wokuzwakala Kwe-Magnetic)
Ezweni lezokwelapha, i-MRI isebenzisa insimu enamandla kakhulu yamagnetic ukusiza ekukhiqizeni izithombe ezinemininingwane eminingi zezitho zomzimba ngaphandle kwemisebe ye-X-ray.
Indima Yensimu Kamagnetic Yomhlaba
Umhlaba ngokwawo unensimu enkulu yamagnetic, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-geomagnetic. Le nsimu yamagnetic ayisizi nje kuphela amakhampasi, kodwa futhi idlala indima kulokhu:
– Kuvikela umhlaba ezinhlayiyeni ezishajayo elangeni (umoya welanga),
– Isekela ukwakheka kwesenzakalo se-aurora ezindaweni ezibandayo,
– Kusiza ezinye izilwane ukuba zifuduke (njengezinyoni nezimfudu) okucatshangwa ukuthi zisebenzisa amandla kazibuthe oMhlaba njenge "mephu yemvelo".
Isiphetho
Amandla kazibuthe angamandla avela ensimini kazibuthe futhi angasebenza ngaphandle kokuthintana ngqo. Kwenzeka ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwezigxobo kazibuthe, ukusabela kwezinto ezithile ezinsimini kazibuthe, kanye nomthelela wamasimu kazibuthe ekushajweni kukagesi okuhambayo. Umqondo wamandla kazibuthe uchaza izinto eziningi ezilula, njengezinjini ezidonsa insimbi, futhi uyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe obukhulu njengezinjini zikagesi, amajeneretha, izikhulumi, ama-MRI, ngisho nezitimela ze-maglev. Ukuqonda amandla kazibuthe kusho ukuqonda esinye sezisekelo ezibalulekile zesayensi yanamuhla, nokubona ukuthi izimiso zefiziksi zingayiguqula kanjani indlela abantu abaphila ngayo futhi bakhe ngayo ubuchwepheshe.
Uma uthanda, ngingangeza inguqulo "yesayensi" enamafomula (amandla kaLorentz, amandla kazibuthe B, kanye nezinkinga zesibonelo) noma inguqulo elula yezinga lesikole samabanga aphansi/esikoleni esiphakathi.
