Ithiyori kanye Nokusetshenziswa Kogesi Ongaguquki
I-Pendahuluan
Ugesi oqinile uyisenzakalo sikagesi esenzeka lapho ishaja kagesi iqoqana phezu kwento futhi ingaphumi ngokushesha, njengakugesi onamandla. Lesi simo sijwayeleke kakhulu empilweni yansuku zonke: izinwele zimi ngemuva kokukama, amabhaluni anamathela odongeni, noma ukushaqeka okuncane okutholayo uma uthinta i-doorknob ngemva kokuhamba ekhaphethini. Nakuba kubonakala kulula, ugesi oqinile unesisekelo esiqinile semfundiso yesayensi ku-physics futhi unikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile kubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene besimanje.
Imiqondo Eyisisekelo Kagesi Ongaguquki
Ezingeni elincane kakhulu, yonke into yakhiwe ngama-athomu, aqukethe i-nucleus (ama-proton nama-neutron) kanye nama-electron ayizungezile. Ama-proton ashajwa kahle, ama-electron ashajwa kabi, kanti ama-neutron awathathi hlangothi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, inani lamacala amahle nangalungile liyalinganiswa, okwenza into ingathathi hlangothi. Ugesi oqinile uyenzeka lapho kunokungalingani ekushajweni ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwama-electron kusuka kwenye into kuya kwenye.
Lokhu kudluliswa kwama-electron kungenzeka ngenxa yezinqubo eziningana. Okuvame kakhulu ukungqubuzana (i-triboelectricity), isibonelo, lapho irula lepulasitiki lihlikihlwa ezinweleni. Ezinye izinqubo zifaka phakathi ukuqhutshwa (ukuxhumana okuqondile nento eshajiwe) kanye nokungeniswa (ithonya lensimu kagesi yento eshajiwe ngaphandle kokuxhumana okuqondile). Empeleni, ugesi ongaguquki uphathelene nendlela amashaji agcinwa, adluliselwa, futhi athinta ngayo izinto ezizungezile.
Umthetho kaCoulomb kanye namandla kagesi aqinile
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamacala kagesi kuchazwa uMthetho kaCoulomb. Lo mthetho uthi amandla okukhanga noma okuxosha phakathi kwamacala amabili alingana ngqo nomkhiqizo wobukhulu bawo futhi alingana ngokuphambene nesikwele sebanga eliphakathi kwawo. Ngokuvamile, amacala afanayo ayaxoshana, kuyilapho amacala angafani edonselana.
Umthetho kaCoulomb ubalulekile ngoba wakha isisekelo sokuqonda izinhlobo eziningi zezehlakalo ze-electrostatic, kusukela ekunamatheleni kothuli ezikrinini zethelevishini kuya ekwakhiweni kwamadivayisi ezimboni asebenzisa amandla akhangayo okushaja ukuhambisa izinhlayiya ezithile.
Insimu Kagesi kanye Nekhono Likagesi
Ngaphandle kwamandla, ugesi ongashintshi uqondwa nangomqondo wamasimu kagesi. Insimu kagesi "iyindawo yethonya" ezungeze ukushaja, lapho amanye amashaja ethola amandla. Insimu kagesi iboniswa yimigqa yasensimini ephuma ngaphandle kusuka ekushajeni okuhle bese ingena ekushajeni okubi. Ubuningi bemigqa yasensimini bubonisa amandla ensimu: lapho imigqa iminyene, kulapho insimu iqina khona.
Amandla kagesi ayisilinganiso samandla angase abe khona ngeyunithi ngayinye yokushaja endaweni ethile. Umehluko ongase ube khona (ama-voltage) udlala indima enkulu ekukhishweni kukagesi, isibonelo ekubangeni. Amafu ashajiwe angaba nomehluko omkhulu kakhulu wamandla maqondana nomhlabathi, ukuze kuthi lapho umkhawulo othile udluliwe, kuvele ukugxuma kweshaja esikubonayo njengombani.
Inqubo Yokushaja: Ukungqubuzana, Ukuqhuba, kanye Nokungenisa
1. Ukushaja ngokungqubuzana
Uma izinto ezimbili zixutshwa ndawonye, ama-electron angahamba esuka kolunye uhlangothi aye kolunye kuye ngokuthi into ethile ithambekele ekudonseni ama-electron. Into eyodwa ishajwa kabi (ine-electron eningi kakhulu), kanti enye ishajwa kahle (ine-electron entulekayo).
2. Ukushaja ngokulawula
Uma into eshajiwe ithinta umqhubi ongathathi hlangothi, enye yeshaja ingadluliswa, okwenza into engathathi hlangothi ishaje. Ama-conductor enza kube lula ukunyakaza kwama-electron, okuvumela ishaja engenayo ukuba isakazeke ebusweni bayo.
3. Ukushaja ngokungenisa
Ukungeniswa kwenzeka ngaphandle kokuthintana. Into eshajiwe isondela kumqhubi ongathathi hlangothi, okwenza ama-electron akumqhubi ahambe futhi ahlukane (i-polarization). Uma umqhubi exhunywe phansi futhi ukuxhumana kususiwe ngokulandelana okufanele, umqhubi angathola ishaja ehlanzekile.
Ama-conductor, ama-insulators, kanye ne-Charge Polarity
Izinto zingahlukaniswa ngokwekhono lazo lokuqhuba ugesi. Ama-conductor afana nezinsimbi (ithusi, i-aluminium) anama-electron akhululekile, avumela ukuthi amashaji ahambe kalula. Ama-insulators afana nepulasitiki, irabha, nengilazi anama-electron aboshiwe ngokuqinile, avumela ukuthi amashaji "abanjwe" ezindaweni ezithile. Ama-semiconductor nawo anezakhiwo phakathi futhi abalulekile kuma-elekthronikhi.
Kugesi ongashintshi, ama-insulator avame ukuba yimbangela eyinhloko yokwakheka kweshaja ngoba ishaja ayigelezi kalula kwenye indawo. Yingakho ukushaqeka okungashintshi kuvame ukwenzeka emoyeni owomile: umswakama ophansi kwenza kube nzima ukuthi ishaja ivuze ezindaweni noma emoyeni.
Isenzakalo Sikagesi Ongaguquki Empilweni Yansuku Zonke
Ugesi oqinile uvame ukubhekwa njengocasulayo, kodwa empeleni uvame kakhulu futhi uyabikezelwa. Isibonelo:
– Ukushaqeka okungaguquki lapho uthinta into yensimbi, ngenxa yokukhishwa kweshaja emzimbeni kuya kumqhubi.
– Izinti zothuli zokuqapha izikrini noma izindawo zepulasitiki ngoba ishaja idonsela izinhlayiya ezishajiwe noma eziqhekekile.
– Izinwele ziyasukuma ngoba imicu yezinwele eneshaja efanayo iyaxoshana ngemva kokuhlikihla ekamu.
– Umbani, into yemvelo enkulu ewukuphuma kwamafu nomhlaba noma phakathi kwamafu.
Ukusetshenziswa kukagesi oqinile emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene
Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kuyacasula, ugesi ongashintshi usetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni eziningi zokusebenza:
1. Ama-Photocopier nama-Laser Printers
Ubuchwepheshe be-photocopier kanye ne-laser printer busebenzisa izimiso ze-electrostatic ukudlulisa i-toner (impuphu ye-inki) ephepheni. Isigubhu se-photoconductor siyashajwa, bese izindawo ezithile zisuswa ukukhanya (okuvela kudokhumenti noma i-laser), okudala iphethini yokushaja. I-toner eshajwayo idonswa ezindaweni ezithile, bese idluliselwa futhi ishiswe ukuze inamathele unomphela ephepheni. Lesi simiso senza ukuphrinta okusheshayo, okubukhali, nokunembile.
2. Umdwebo we-Electrostatic
Ezimbonini zezimoto nezokukhiqiza, ukupenda ngogesi kusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi yokupenda. Upende uyashajwa, kuyilapho into ependwayo inikwa ishaja ephambene noma ibekwe phansi. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlayiya zopende zidonswa ngokulinganayo ebusweni bento, kunciphisa imfucuza futhi kukhiqize ukupenda okubushelelezi. Le ndlela iyakwazi futhi ukufinyelela ezindaweni okunzima ukuzifinyelela ngezifutho ezivamile.
3. I-Electrostatic Precipitator
Emafektri nasezitshalweni zikagesi, ama-precipitator kagesi asetshenziswa ukunciphisa ukungcola komoya. Izinhlayiya zothuli noma ze-soot kugesi yokukhipha umoya zishajwa nge-ionization bese zidonswa amapuleti aneshaja ephambene. Izinhlayiya zinamathela kumapuleti bese zihlanzwa njalo. Lobu buchwepheshe busebenza kahle ekubambeni izinhlayiya ezincane futhi kusiza ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokukhishwa komoya.
4. Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezinto Nokusetshenziswa Kabusha
Ugesi oqinile usetshenziselwa futhi ukuhlukanisa izingxube zezinto ngokusekelwe ekhonweni lazo lokwamukela noma ukukhulula ama-electron. Ezinqubweni zokuvuselela kabusha, isibonelo, izingxube ezithile zepulasitiki zingahlukaniswa kusetshenziswa amasimu kagesi kanye nomehluko ekushajweni okubangelwa ukungqubuzana. Lokhu kusiza ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga izinto ngaphandle kwesidingo sezinqubo zamakhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi.
5. Izicelo Kwezokwelapha Nesayensi
Amanye amathuluzi elebhu asebenzisa amandla kagesi aqinile ukulawula izinhlayiya ezincane, okuhlanganisa ama-aerosol kanye nempuphu ecolekile. Ocwaningweni lwe-microfluidic, izimiso zamacala kagesi kanye namasimu zingathonya ukunyakaza kwezinhlayiya ezincane noma amaconsi. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe obuningi bezokwelapha buvame ukuhlotshaniswa nogesi oguqukayo, umqondo we-electrostatics usabalulekile ekuqondeni ukusebenzisana kwezinhlayiya ezishajiwe ezindaweni ezithile.
Izingozi Nokuvimbela: I-ESD Nokuphepha
Kuma-elekthronikhi, ugesi ongaguquki ungaba usongo olukhulu nge-ESD (i-Electrostatic Discharge). Izingxenye ezizwelayo njengezifunda ezihlanganisiwe kanye nama-transistors zingonakaliswa ngisho nayizinhlansi ezincane ezingabonakali kalula kubantu. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi be-elekthronikhi basebenzisa izinqubo ezifana nezintambo zesandla ezilwa nokuguquguquka, izindawo zokusebenza ezikhethekile, kanye nokulawula umswakama.
Ezimbonini ezisingatha izinto ezivuthayo, ugesi ongashintshi ungadala izinhlansi eziyingozi. Ukuvimbela kufezwa ngokufakwa kahle kwesisekelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingashintshi, kanye nokulawulwa kokugeleza koketshezi noma kwegesi ukuvimbela ukwakheka kweshaja.
Isiphetho
Ugesi oqinile uyisici esibangelwa ukungalingani kwamacala angavela ngokungqubuzana, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla, kanye nokungeniswa kwamandla. Ngokwethiyori, lesi simo sichazwa uMthetho kaCoulomb, umqondo wamasimu kagesi, kanye namandla kagesi. Nakuba ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengento encane ephazamisayo njengokushaqeka noma ukushelela kothuli, ugesi oqinile uyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene obubalulekile: amaphrinta e-laser, ama-photocopier, ukupenda ngogesi oqinile, izinto ezibangela ukungcola, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezinqubweni zezimboni. Ukuqonda ugesi oqinile akugcini nje ngokwandisa ukuqonda kwethu i-physics kodwa futhi kusisiza ukuphatha izinzuzo nezingozi zayo empilweni yanamuhla.
Uma ufisa, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe: (1) isitayela sesayensi semisebenzi yesikole/yasekolishi, (2) inguqulo elula ethandwayo, noma (3) engeza amafomula nezibonelo ezilula zokubala ngokwekharikhulamu.
