Ifiziksi kwiSayensi Yezemvelo
Isayensi yezemvelo ivame ukuqondwa njengomkhakha ohlobene kakhulu ne-biology, i-chemistry, noma inqubomgomo yomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, isisekelo esisodwa esibalulekile sivame ukunganakwa: i-physics. I-physics akuyona nje inkolelo-mbono yamandla nokunyakaza, kodwa kunalokho iyithuluzi lokuqonda ukuthi amandla ageleza kanjani, ukuthi izinto zihamba kanjani, nokuthi izinhlelo zemvelo zisabela kanjani ezinkingeni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sixoxa ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ikhwalithi yomoya, ukutholakala kwamanzi, noma amandla avuselelekayo, imithetho ye-physics isebenza njalo ngemuva kwayo. Ngakho-ke, i-physics iyisihluthulelo sokuqonda, ukwenza amamodeli, nokuklama izixazululo zezinkinga zemvelo.
I-physics njengolimi lwamandla noshintsho
Omunye weminikelo emikhulu yefiziksi kwisayensi yezemvelo yikhono layo lokuchaza ibhalansi yamandla. Umhlaba uthola amandla avela eLangeni ngesimo semisebe kagesi. Amanye ala mandla abonakala emuva emkhathini, amanye amuncwa umkhathi, ulwandle, kanye nomhlaba, bese ekhishwa kabusha njengemisebe ye-infrared. Ibhalansi phakathi kwamandla angenayo naphumayo inquma izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi leplanethi. Lapho leli bhalansi liphazanyiswa—isibonelo, ngokwanda kwamazinga amagesi okushisa—amazinga okushisa omhlaba avame ukukhuphuka.
Yilapho imiqondo yefiziksi efana nemisebe ye-blackbody, i-wave spectrum, kanye nokumuncwa kwamandla kuba yinto ebalulekile khona. Amagesi okushisa njenge-carbon dioxide (CO₂), i-methane (CH₄), kanye ne-nitrous oxide (N₂O) anekhono lokumunca imisebe ye-infrared kuma-wavelength athile. Ngenxa yalokho, okunye kokushisa obekungaphunyuka emkhathini "kubhajwe" emoyeni. Umphumela wokushisa yinqubo ebonakalayo engachazwa ngemithetho yemisebe kanye ne-molecular dynamics, futhi lokhu kuqonda kwakha isisekelo samamodeli esimo sezulu sanamuhla.
Izinhlelo ze-Thermodynamics kanye nezemvelo
I-Thermodynamics ifunda ubudlelwano phakathi kokushisa, umsebenzi, amandla, kanye ne-entropy. Esimweni semvelo, i-thermodynamics isiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani amandla engalokothi "alahleke" ngempela, kodwa kunalokho ashintsha isimo futhi avame ukuhlakazeka. Izinqubo zemvelo ezifana nokuhwamuka kwamanzi, ukwakheka kwamafu, ukushintshana kokushisa phakathi kolwandle nomoya, kanye nokuhamba komoya konke kulandela imithetho ye-thermodynamics.
Isibonelo esilula umjikelezo wamanzi. Ukuhwamuka kwenzeka lapho amandla okushisa avela eLangeni efaka ukushisa okucashile emanzini, kuwenze abe umhwamuko. Umhwamuko wamanzi ube usuhlangana emkhathini lapho izimo zokushisa nengcindezi zivuma, ukhipha ukushisa okukhulu okucashile. Lokhu kukhishwa kwamandla kunegalelo ekwakhekeni kwamafu, iziphepho, kanye nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu. Ngamanye amazwi, imvula akuyona nje indaba "yamanzi ekhuphuka futhi ehla," kodwa futhi ukudluliselwa kwamandla okukhulu okungalinganiswa kusetshenziswa imiqondo ye-thermodynamics kanye ne-physics yomoya.
Umqondo we-entropy nawo ubalulekile lapho kuxoxwa ngokusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nomthelela emvelweni. Izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amandla angaphansi komhlaba, isibonelo, azikwazi ukuguqula wonke amandla amakhemikhali kaphethiloli abe ugesi; amanye alahleka njengokushisa. Lokhu kungapheleli kuwumphumela wefiziksi, hhayi nje inkinga yezobuchwepheshe. Ukuqonda i-thermodynamics kuqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nezikhipha ukungcola okuncane.
Izindlela zoketshezi: umoya, amanzi, kanye nokungcola
I-Fluid mechanics igatsha le-physics elifunda ukuziphatha koketshezi—uketshezi namagesi—kufaka phakathi ukugeleza, i-turbulence, kanye namandla asebenza kuwo. Isayensi yezemvelo ithembele kakhulu ku-fluid mechanics ngoba umkhathi nolwandle kuyizinto ezimbili “ezinjini” ezinkulu kakhulu zoketshezi eMhlabeni. Umoya, imisinga yolwandle, amagagasi, kanye nokujikeleza komhlaba wonke konke kunqunywa yimithetho yokugeleza koketshezi kanye nomehluko ekucindezelweni nasekushiseni.
Ezifundweni zekhwalithi yomoya, imishini yoketshezi iyasiza ekuphenduleni umbuzo obalulekile: ukungcola kusakazeka kanjani kusuka emthonjeni wako? Ukukhishwa kwezimoto, ukukhishwa kwezimboni, kanye nezinhlayiya zothuli akuhambi nje ngokungahleliwe; kuthuthwa ngumoya, kumiswe futhi kuxutshwe yisiyaluyalu, bese kungahlala ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi noma kugezwe yimvula. Amamodeli okusabalala kokungcola asebenzisa izibalo zomzimba ukulinganisa amazinga okungcola ebangeni elithile ukusuka emthonjeni, kucatshangelwa isivinini somoya, ukuzinza komoya, kanye ne-topography.
Okufanayo kusebenza ekungcolisweni kwamanzi. Imfucuza engena emifuleni noma olwandle ithwalwa yimisinga, ixutshwe, futhi ihlangane nenhlabathi. Ukuqonda amaphethini amanje kanye nezinqubo zokuxuba kubalulekile ekunqumeni izindawo eziphephile zokulahla imfucuza, ukumaka izingozi zokuchitheka kukawoyela, noma ukuklama amasu okuhlanza.
I-physics yemisebe kanye noshintsho lwesimo sezulu
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyinkinga eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ethinta kakhulu imvelo. I-physics idlala indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni izindlela zokufudumala komhlaba, impendulo yesimo sezulu, kanye nokubikezela ikusasa. Ngaphezu komphumela wokushisa komhlaba, i-physics yemisebe ihlanganisa nendima yamafu nama-aerosol. Amafu angapholisa uMhlaba ngokubonakalisa ukukhanya kwelanga (albedo), kodwa angawufudumeza nangokubamba imisebe ye-infrared. Ama-aerosol athile abonakalisa ukukhanya futhi apholise umkhathi, kuyilapho i-soot (i-carbon emnyama) imunca imisebe futhi ifudumeze umkhathi.
Umqondo we-albedo—iphesenti lemisebe eboniswayo—uyinto ebalulekile. Iqhwa neqhwa linama-albedo aphezulu. Lapho iqhwa lincibilika ngenxa yokufudumala, izindawo ezimnyama njengamanzi olwandle noma inhlabathi engenalutho zimunca ukushisa okwengeziwe, okusheshisa ukufudumala. Lesi yisibonelo se-feedback loop enhle echazwe nge-physics elula, kodwa inomthelela omkhulu ohlelweni lwesimo sezulu.
Amandla avuselelekayo kanye nobuchwepheshe obunobungani nemvelo
I-physics ayigcini nje ekuqondeni izinkinga; futhi inikeza isisekelo sezixazululo. Amandla avuselelekayo ancike ezimisweni zomzimba eziqinile. Amaphaneli elanga asebenza ngomphumela we-photovoltaic, lapho ama-photon ama-electron akhululekile ukukhanya ezintweni ze-semiconductor, ekhiqiza ugesi. Ama-turbine omoya athembele ku-aerodynamics kanye nokuguqulwa kwamandla e-kinetic omoya abe amandla omshini bese kuba amandla kagesi. Izitshalo zamandla kagesi asebenzisa amandla adonsela phansi amanzi awelayo, kuyilapho amandla e-geothermal esebenzisa ukudluliselwa kokushisa okuvela ngaphakathi kongqimba loMhlaba.
I-physics iphinde isekele ubuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa kahle amandla. Ukwakha ukuvikela ukushisa, ukwakheka komoya wokungenisa umoya wemvelo, ukukhanyisa kwe-LED, ngisho nezimoto zikagesi konke kudinga ukuqonda ukudluliselwa kokushisa, ugesi, amandla kazibuthe, kanye nokuguquguquka kwesistimu. Ngisho nemibono elula njengokunciphisa ukulahleka kokushisa (ukuqhuba, ukujikeleza, kanye nemisebe) kunganciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni.
Ukulinganiswa kwemvelo kanye nezinsimbi
Isayensi yezemvelo incike kakhulu kudatha: izinga lokushisa, umswakama, amazinga okungcola, amazinga emisebe, ngisho nezinguquko ezingeni lolwandle. Izinsimbi eziningi zokulinganisa ezibalulekile zizalwa yizimiso zomzimba. Izinzwa zezinga lokushisa zisebenzisa izinguquko ekumelaneni noma ku-voltage; amasathelayithi aqapha uMhlaba ngokusebenzisa ukuzwela okukude ngokusekelwe ku-spectrum ye-electromagnetic; imephu ye-lidar yezinhlayiya zomkhathi isebenzisa ukubonakaliswa kwe-laser; kanye nama-seismographs kanye nezinzwa ze-geophysical zisiza ukuqapha umsebenzi woMhlaba ohlobene nezingozi zemvelo.
Intuthuko ekusetshenzisweni kwemishini ebonakalayo ivumela ukuqapha okusheshayo nokunembile. Isibonelo, izithombe zesathelayithi zingabona ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, imililo yamahlathi, kanye nezinguquko zombala wolwandle ezihlobene nezimbali ze-algal. Le datha inika ulwazi ngokwenza izinqumo, kusukela ekuhlelweni kwendawo kuya ekuphathweni kwezinhlekelele.
I-physics yengozi yenhlekelele yemvelo
Izinhlekelele eziningi zemvelo zinezici eziqinile zomzimba: izikhukhula, ukudilika komhlaba, iziphepho, amagagasi okushisa, ngisho nama-tsunami. Amagagasi okushisa ahlobene nokuguquguquka komoya kanye nokulinganisela kwamandla angaphezulu. Izikhukhula zithonywa amandla emvula, amandla okukhipha amanzi, amazinga okugeleza kwemifula, kanye nezinguquko zokusetshenziswa komhlaba ezishintsha ukungena nokugeleza kwamanzi. Ukudilika komhlaba kuhilela ibhalansi yamandla emithambekeni, ingcindezi yamanzi emigodini, kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zezinto.
Ngamamodeli angokoqobo, singakha izinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi futhi sibhale imephu yezindawo ezisengozini. Nakuba izibikezelo zingaphelele ngaso sonke isikhathi—ngenxa yokuguquguquka okukhulu kwemvelo—izindlela ezingokoqobo zinikeza uhlaka oluningi lokunciphisa ubungozi kanye nokuthuthukisa ukulungela.
Isiphetho: i-physics njengesisekelo sezixazululo zemvelo
I-physics kwisayensi yezemvelo isebenza "njengohlaka" lokuqonda umhlaba ngendlela elinganisekayo: kusukela emisebeni yelanga eshisa uMhlaba, kuya emifuleni yomoya ethwala ukungcola, kuya ekuguqulweni kwamandla kubuchwepheshe obuvuselelekayo. Nge-physics, izinkinga zemvelo zingahunyushwa zibe amamodeli, izinombolo, kanye nezibikezelo ezingahlolwa. Lokhu kubalulekile hhayi ukufaka esikhundleni semibono yezinto eziphilayo noma yezenhlalo, kodwa ukuze kuhambisane nazo. Izinselele zemvelo ziningi; i-physics inikeza isisekelo esisenza sikwazi ukubona ubudlelwano bezimbangela nemiphumela ngokucacile, ukuklama ubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile, nokuthuthukisa izinqubomgomo ezisekelwe ebufakazini.
Ekugcineni, ukuqonda imvelo akwanele ngokumane "sibone izinguquko" ezisizungezile. Sidinga ukuqonda izindlela eziqhuba lezo zinguquko. Yilapho i-physics ingena khona: ukuchaza, ukubikezela, nokusiza abantu ukuthi bathathe izinyathelo ezihlakaniphile zokugcina uMhlaba uzinzile.
