Ukusetshenziswa kweFiziksi kwezokwelapha
I-physics ivame ukubhekwa njengesayensi ekude kakhulu nokuphila kwansuku zonke futhi ehambisana namafomula ayinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa-ke, kwezokwelapha, i-physics iyisisekelo esibalulekile esenza odokotela bakwazi ukuxilonga izifo ngokunembe kakhudlwana, benze izindlela zokwelapha eziphephile, futhi bathuthukise ubuchwepheshe bezempilo obuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Kusukela kumathuluzi okuthwebula izithombe njenge-X-ray kanye ne-MRIs kuya ekwelashweni ngemisebe yomdlavuza, konke kusebenza ngezimiso ze-physics. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezinhlelo ezahlukene ze-physics kwezokwelapha, sihlanganisa ukuxilonga, ukwelashwa, ukuqapha isiguli, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamadivayisi ezokwelapha.
1. I-Fiziksi kanye ne-Medical Imaging
Enye yeminikelo emikhulu yefiziksi kwezokwelapha ukuthwebula izithombe kwezokwelapha—ubuchwepheshe obuvumela ochwepheshe bezokwelapha ukuba “babone” izimo ngaphakathi emzimbeni ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa.
a. Ama-X-ray nama-CT scan
Ama-X-ray asebenzisa ama-X-ray, amaza kagesi anamandla aphezulu angangena ezicutshini zomzimba. Izindawo ezixinene kakhulu, njengamathambo, zimunca ama-X-ray amaningi, okwenza abonakale ekhanya kakhulu esithombeni. Izimiso zomzimba ezihilelekile zifaka phakathi ukuncishiswa (ukuncipha kwamandla) kanye nokusebenzisana kwemisebe nezinto.
I-CT scan (i-Computed Tomography) iwukuthuthukiswa kwe-X-ray ekhiqiza izithombe zomzimba ezinqamula izigaba. Le divayisi ijikeleza umthombo we-X-ray uzungeze isiguli futhi icubungule idatha yokumuncwa kwemisebe isebenzisa i-algorithm yokwakha kabusha ikhompyutha. Nge-CT scan, odokotela bangathola izimila, ukopha kwangaphakathi, ngisho nezinkinga zezitho ngemininingwane eminingi kune-X-ray ejwayelekile.
b. I-USG (i-Ultrasonography)
I-ultrasound isebenzisa amaza omsindo avame kakhulu (i-ultrasound). Lawa maza akhishwa emzimbeni bese ebuyiselwa emuva (ezwakala) lapho efika emingceleni phakathi kwezicubu ezahlukene. Lawa maza abanjwa yi-transducer bese ecutshungulwa abe izithombe.
I-Wave physics idlala indima enkulu lapha: imiqondo efana nokuzindla, ukufiphaza, kanye ne-acoustic impedance inquma ikhwalithi yesithombe. I-Ultrasound ithandwa kakhulu ngoba iphephile (ayisebenzisi imisebe ye-ionizing) futhi ingasetshenziswa ukuqapha intuthuko yengane, ukuhlola izitho zesisu, kanye nokuqapha ukugeleza kwegazi kusetshenziswa i-Doppler ultrasound.
c. I-MRI (Umfanekiso Wokuqabulana Kwamagnetic)
I-MRI isebenzisa insimu enamandla yamagnetic kanye namagagasi omsakazo ukukhiqiza izithombe ezihluke kakhulu zezicubu ezithambile. Lesi simiso sincike ekubonakaleni kwamagnetic kwama-nuclei, ikakhulukazi ama-athomu e-hydrogen, atholakala emanzini namafutha omzimba amaningi. Uma efakwa ensimini yamagnetic, ama-proton ashintsha ukuma kwawo. Amagagasi omsakazo abe esesetshenziswa "ukuphazamisa" lokhu kuma, futhi lapho ebuyela esimweni sawo sokuqala, ama-proton akhipha isignali ecutshungulwa ibe isithombe.
Inzuzo ye-MRI isithombe sayo esiningiliziwe sezicubu ezithambile njengobuchopho, imizwa, imisipha kanye nemisipha. Emtholampilo, i-MRI iyasiza ekuxilongweni kwesifo sohlangothi, izimila zobuchopho, ukulimala komgogodla, nezinye izimo eziningi.
d. I-PET kanye ne-SPECT (Ukuthwebula Izithombe Zenuzi)
I-PET (i-Positron Emission Tomography) kanye ne-SPECT (i-Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) amasu okuthwebula izithombe zenuzi asebenzisa ama-radioisotopes. Isiguli sinikezwa i-tracer ekhipha imisebe, bese i-detector ibamba isignali ukuze ihlole umsebenzi we-metabolic noma ukugeleza kwegazi. Lezi zindlela zibalulekile ekutholeni umdlavuza, ekuhloleni ukusebenza kwenhliziyo, nasekuxilongeni izinkinga zezinzwa.
2. I-Fiziksi Kwezokwelapha Nezokwelapha
Ngaphandle kokuxilonga, i-physics isetshenziselwa nokwelapha, ikakhulukazi ekwelapheni umdlavuza, ekuhlinzeni kwesimanje kanye nasekuvuseleleni.
a. Ukwelashwa ngemisebe
Ukwelashwa ngemisebe kusebenzisa imisebe e-ionizing (njengemisebe ye-gamma noma imisebe ye-X enamandla aphezulu) ukubhubhisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Isimiso somzimba sihilela ukudlulisela amandla emisebe ezicutshini, okungalimaza i-DNA yamangqamuzana, kuwavimbele ukuthi ahlukane.
Ekwelashweni ngemisebe yesimanje, imiqondo yomthamo wemisebe kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isimila sithola umthamo ophezulu ngenkathi sivikela izicubu ezinempilo ezizungezile. Amasu anjenge-Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) kanye nokwelashwa nge-proton asebenzisa i-physics eyinkimbinkimbi ukuze kuqondiswe ngokunembe kakhudlwana.
b. Ama-Laser Kwezokwelapha
I-laser iwukukhanya okuqondile okunobude besikhathi obuthile obungagxila endaweni encane. Kwezokwelapha, ama-laser asetshenziselwa ukuhlinzwa kwamehlo (i-LASIK), ukususwa kwezicubu ezingavamile, izinqubo zesikhumba (njengokudweba imidwebo noma ukususwa kwesilonda), ngisho nokuvimba ukopha ngokujiya.
I-optical physics idlala indima ekulawuleni ubude be-wavelength, ukuqina, kanye nokusebenzisana nge-laser nezicubu zomzimba (ukumuncwa, ukuhlakazeka, kanye nemiphumela yokushisa).
c. Amagagasi Okushaqeka Okwelapha kanye ne-Ultrasonics
Ubuchwepheshe be-ESWL (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy) busebenzisa amaza okushaqeka ukuphula amatshe ezinso abe yizicucu ezincane, okuwavumela ukuthi adlule kalula emchameni. I-ultrasound yokwelapha isetshenziswa futhi ku-physiotherapy ukwandisa ukugeleza kwegazi, ukunciphisa ubuhlungu, nokusheshisa ukuphulukiswa kwezicubu ngokushisa okuncane kanye nokuvuselela ngomshini.
3. I-Fiziksi Ekuqapheni Kwemitholampilo Namathuluzi Okuxilonga
Amathuluzi amaningi asetshenziswa ekamelweni lokwelapha asebenza ngokusekelwe emibonweni yefiziksi, ikakhulukazi ugesi, amandla kazibuthe, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhanda obusebenzisa uketshezi.
a. I-Electrocardiogram (ECG) kanye ne-Electroencephalogram (EEG)
I-ECG ilinganisa umsebenzi kagesi wenhliziyo ngama-electrode anamathele esikhumbeni. Lezi zimpawu zikagesi zibonisa isigqi senhliziyo, ukuba khona kokuphazamiseka kokuhambisa umoya, noma izimpawu zokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo. I-EEG isebenza ngesimiso esifanayo, kodwa ilinganisa umsebenzi kagesi wobuchopho ukuze kutholakale isifo sokuwa, izinkinga zokulala, kanye nezimo ezithile zezinzwa.
b. I-Pulse Oximeter
I-pulse oximeter ilinganisa ukugcwala komoya-mpilo egazini isebenzisa isimiso sokumuncwa kokukhanya (i-photometry). Idivayisi ikhipha ukukhanya okubomvu noku-infrared ngomunwe, bese inzwa ithola ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okumuncwa yi-hemoglobin ene-oxygen ne-deoxygenated. Kusukela kulo mehluko, idivayisi ibala ngokushesha nangokungangeneleli iphesenti lokugcwala komoya-mpilo.
c. Umfutho Wegazi kanye Nezindlela Zokusebenza Zoketshezi
Ukukala umfutho wegazi nge-sphygmomanometer kuhlobene eduze nemibono yokucindezela nokugeleza koketshezi. Eqinisweni, ukuqonda ukugeleza kwegazi emithanjeni yegazi—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-laminar noma i-turbulent—kusiza ukuchaza imisindo ye-Korotkoff ezwakala ngesikhathi sokulinganisa ngesandla. Lesi simiso somzimba sisetshenziswa futhi ekwakhiweni kwama-catheter, ama-stents, kanye nezinsiza zokujikeleza kwegazi ezifana namaphampu enhliziyo.
4. I-Biomechanics kanye nobunjiniyela bezokwelapha
I-physics nayo idlala indima ekuqondeni ukunyakaza kwabantu ngokusebenzisa i-biomechanics. Le nsimu ihlanganisa imishini yakudala kanye nokwakheka komzimba ukuze kuhlaziywe amandla, ama-torque, kanye nokunyakaza kwamalunga.
Isibonelo, kodokotela bamathambo, ukubala amandla emathanjeni nasemalungeni kubalulekile ekuklameni izinto zokufakelwa njengokufakelwa kwamadolo noma izinqe. Ekuvuseleleni, i-biomechanics isiza odokotela be-physiotherapists ukuhlola amaphethini okuhamba kwesiguli ngemva kokulimala noma isifo sohlangothi, ukunquma izivivinyo ezifanele, nokuklama amadivayisi okusiza njengezinto zokufakelwa kanye nezinsimbi zokufakelwa ukuze kube nenduduzo nokusebenza kahle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obufana namarobhothi okuhlinza kanye nama-exoskeleton okwelapha ngokuhamba ngezinyawo nakho kuncike kakhulu ku-physics yokunyakaza, ibhalansi, izinzwa, kanye nokulawula.
5. Ukuphepha Kwemisebe Nendima Yososayensi Bezokwelapha
Njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwemisebe kukhula kwezokwelapha, ukuphepha sekubaluleke kakhulu. Yilapho izazi zefiziksi zezokwelapha zidlala khona indima ebalulekile. Zinesibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuthi imishini ye-radiology isebenza ngokwezindinganiso, ukulinganisa nokuqinisekisa imithamo yemisebe, ukulinganisa amadivayisi, kanye nokuthuthukisa izinqubo zokuphepha zeziguli nabasebenzi bezokwelapha.
Imiqondo efana nesikhathi sokuchayeka, ibanga ukusuka emthonjeni wemisebe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokuvikela kuyizimiso eziyisisekelo zokuvikela imisebe. Amaphutha amancane ekubalweni komthamo angaba nemiphumela ebalulekile, okwenza ukunemba kwesayensi kube yinto ebalulekile yokuphepha.
I-Penutup
Ukusetshenziswa kwefiziksi kwezokwelapha kukhulu futhi kuyaqhubeka nokukhula ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Ifiziksi ivumela odokotela ukuthi babuke izitho zangaphakathi ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa, baphathe umdlavuza ngemisebe elinganisiwe, benze ukuhlinzwa kwe-laser okunembile, futhi baqaphe izimo zeziguli ngesikhathi sangempela ngamadivayisi kagesi. Ngaphezu nje kwamafomula, ifiziksi inikeza ibhuloho phakathi kwesayensi eyisisekelo kanye nomkhuba wezokwelapha, okusindisa izimpilo.
Ngokuqonda ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kwefiziksi nemithi, singaqonda ukuthi ukubambisana phakathi kososayensi, onjiniyela, izazi zefiziksi zezokwelapha, kanye nochwepheshe bezempilo kuzobaluleka kangakanani ekudaleni izinsizakalo zezempilo ezisebenzayo, eziphephile, nezintsha esikhathini esizayo.
