Ukusetshenziswa kweFiziksi kwiSayensi ye-Forensic
Isayensi ye-forensic iwumkhakha ohlanganisa isayensi nomthetho ukuze wembule amaqiniso ngemuva kwesehlakalo, ikakhulukazi ubugebengu. Phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukahlukene esayensi adlala indima ebalulekile, i-physics inesikhundla esibalulekile ngoba inikeza uhlaka lokulinganisa, ukulingisa, kanye nokwakha kabusha imicimbi ngobuqotho. Kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwephethini legazi kuya ekwakhiweni kabusha kwezingozi zomgwaqo, i-physics isiza abaphenyi ukuphendula imibuzo ebalulekile: okwenzekile, ukuthi kwenzeke kanjani, ukuthi kwenzeka nini, nokuthi kwaqala kuphi. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezinhlelo ezahlukene ze-physics kwisayensi ye-forensic kanye nokuthi izimiso zayo zisetshenziswa kanjani ekusebenzeni.
1. Omakhenikha: Ukwakhiwa Kabusha Kokushayisana Nokunyakaza
Igatsha le-physics elivame ukutholakala emacaleni okuhlola ubugebengu yi-mechanics yakudala—ikakhulukazi i-kinematics (ukunyakaza) kanye ne-dynamics (amandla). Ekwakhiweni kabusha kwezingozi zezimoto, abaphenyi bahlaziya imikhondo yokubhuleka, ukuguqulwa komzimba wemoto, indawo yokugcina yemoto, kanye nezimo zomgwaqo ukuze balinganise isivinini sangaphambi komthelela. Imiqondo efana nemithetho kaNewton, ukulondolozwa komfutho, kanye namandla e-kinetic isetshenziswa ukwenza izilinganiso ezinokwethenjelwa.
Isibonelo, uma kunezindlela zokubhuleka zobude obuthile, abaphenyi bangalinganisa ijubane lokuqala ngokucabangela i-coefficient of friction phakathi kwamathayi kanye nomgwaqo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekushayisaneni kwezimoto ezimbili, ukulondolozwa komfutho kusiza ukulinganisa isiqondiso kanye nobukhulu bejubane lemoto ngayinye ngaphambi kokushayisana. Nakuba imiphumela ivame ukuhlukahluka (ngenxa yokungaqiniseki kwedatha), le ndlela ivumela ukwakhiwa kabusha okuqinile kunobufakazi bodwa.
Omakhenikha basetshenziswa futhi ukuhlaziya imizila yezinto eziqoshwe phansi kanye nezinto eziwayo. Uma umuntu ewa esuka endaweni ephakeme, isibonelo, abaphenyi bangahlola ukuthi isikhundla somzimba kanye nebanga ukusuka endaweni yokushaya kuyahambisana yini nokuwa okubangelwa ingozi, ukusunduza, noma ukugxuma. Izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nokuphakama, isikhathi sokuwa, kanye nebanga elivundlile zihlobene nge-parabolic equation of motion.
2. Ama-Ballistics: I-Fiziksi Yezinhlamvu Nezibhamu
I-Forensic ballistics isebenzisa i-physics ukuqonda ukuziphatha kwenhlamvu kusukela ngesikhathi idutshulwa kuze kube yilapho ishaya ilitshe. Kunezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-internal ballistics (ngaphakathi komgqomo), i-external ballistics (trajectory emoyeni), kanye ne-terminal ballistics (ukuxhumana nelitshe). I-physics ichaza ukuthi ingcindezi yegesi iyiqhubezela kanjani inhlamvu, ukuthi ukumelana nomoya kuthinta kanjani ijubane layo, kanye nokuthi amandla kanye nomfutho kunquma kanjani amazinga okungena.
Ekuphenyweni kokudubula, abaphenyi bavame ukulinganisa ibanga lokudubula ngokusekelwe kumaphethini omlotha, izinsalela zokudubula, noma ukuma kwenxeba lokungena. Ukuhlaziywa kwendlela nakho kusetshenziselwa ukunquma izindawo zomdubuli kanye nesisulu. Isibonelo, isiqondiso senhlamvu singalinganiswa kusukela embobeni yenhlamvu odongeni, engilazini, noma kwenye into, bese kuhlelwa indlela yokudubula ukuze kulinganiswe indawo lapho kuvela khona.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kokuguquguquka kwezinhlamvu kanye nezingcezu zazo kuhlobene eduze nemibono yamandla, ukuguquguquka, nezinto zokwakha. Izinhlamvu ezishaya izindawo eziqinile zingaqhekeka noma ziqhekeke, futhi lezi zici zisiza ekuboneni uhlobo lwezinhlamvu noma izimo zokudubula.
3. I-Optics: Ukuskena, Ukuthwebula Izithombe, kanye Nokuhlaziywa Kobufakazi
I-Optics inezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibanzi ekuhlolweni kwe-forensic ngoba ubufakazi obuningi abubonakali ngeso lenyama. Amasu okuthwebula izithombe asebenzisa ukukhanya okubonakalayo, kwe-ultraviolet (UV), kanye ne-infrared (IR) angaveza amabala, umbhalo osuliwe, noma amaphethini afihliwe. Isibonelo, i-UV ivame ukusetshenziswa ukwembula uketshezi oluthile lwezinto eziphilayo, kuyilapho i-IR isebenza kahle ekufundeni umbhalo kumadokhumenti ambozwe ngamanye ama-inki.
I-Microscopy—esekelwe futhi ezimisweni zokukhanya—isetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya imicu yendwangu, izinwele, ingilazi ephukile, nezinye izinhlayiya ezincane. Besebenzisa amasu athile okukhulisa nokukhanyisa, abaphenyi bangaqhathanisa amaphethini, izakhiwo, kanye nezici zezinto eziqinisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwabasolwa, izisulu, kanye nezigcawu zobugebengu.
Insimu ye-optics ihlanganisa ne-forensic photogrammetry, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe noma amavidiyo ukukala ibanga nosayizi wezinto. Esikhathini se-CCTV kanye namaselula, i-photogrammetry isiza ekunqumeni ukuphakama komuntu, isivinini semoto, kanye nendawo yezinto endaweni yobugebengu ngokusebenzisa ukulinganisa okubonakalayo kanye nokulinganisa isikali.
4. I-Acoustics: Ukuhlaziywa Komsindo Nokuqopha
I-physics yomsindo (ama-acoustics) idlala indima ekuhlaziyweni kokuqoshwa komsindo, isibonelo, ekuphenyeni izinsongo zocingo, izingxoxo eziqoshiwe, noma ubufakazi bomsindo obuvela ezigcawini zobugebengu. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-frequency spectrum kungasiza ekuboneni imithombo yomsindo, ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamazwi abantu nomsindo, nokuhlola ukushintshwa okungenzeka kokuqoshwa.
Uma kwenzeka ukuqhuma kwezibhamu, ama-acoustic angasetshenziswa futhi ukulinganisa ibanga nendawo yokuqhuma kwesibhamu ngokusekelwe ezikhathini zokufika komsindo wokuqhuma kuma-microphone amaningi (isb., ezinhlelweni ezithile zezinzwa). Isimiso sifana nokwakheka komthombo womsindo: umehluko ezikhathini zokufika komsindo ezindaweni eziningi usetshenziselwa ukulinganisa indawo yomthombo.
5. I-Thermodynamics kanye Nokudluliswa Kokushisa: Ukulinganisa Isikhathi Sokufa
Omunye wemisebenzi ebalulekile yocwaningo lwezobunhloli ukulinganisa isikhathi sokufa (isikhawu sangemva kokufa). I-Thermodynamics kanye nomqondo wokudluliselwa kokushisa kusiza ezindleleni zokulinganisa ngokusekelwe ekwehleni kokushisa komzimba (i-algor mortis). Umzimba womuntu ongasakhiqizi ukushisa uzothambekela ekuzivumelaniseni nokushisa okuzungezile ngokusebenzisa ukuqhutshwa, ukuguqulwa kwe-convection, kanye nemisebe.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kulinganisa akulula ngoba kuthonywa izici eziningi: izinga lokushisa lendawo, izingubo, isisindo somzimba, umswakama, ukuhamba komoya, kanye nendawo umzimba okuyo. Ngakho-ke, abaphenyi bavame ukusebenzisa amamodeli ahlanganisa idatha yendawo kanye nokulinganisa izinga lokushisa ezindaweni ezahlukene zomzimba. I-physics isiza ukwenza lawa mamodeli ahleleke kakhudlwana, yize esadinga ukuhlanganiswa neminye imiphumela yezokwelapha.
6. Izinto kanye Nezindlela Zokusebenza: Ingilazi Ephukile, Upende, kanye Nezinhlayiya Zamathuluzi
I-physics yezinto ezibonakalayo iyasiza ekuphenduleni imibuzo efana nalokhu: zivelaphi izingcezu zengilazi? Ingabe ingilazi iphuka ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle? Ukuhlaziywa kokuphuka kwengilazi kusebenzisa imiqondo yokucindezeleka, ukucindezeleka, kanye namaphethini okuphuka. Isibonelo, imifantu ye-radial kanye ne-concentric engilazini inganikeza izinkomba mayelana nesiqondiso samandla kanye nokulandelana kwemithelela.
Ezimweni zokushaya nokugijima, ama-chip opende wezimoto angahlaziywa ukuze kutholakale izendlalelo zawo, ukwakheka, kanye nezakhiwo ezibonisa ukukhanya. Ngenkathi ikhemistri ivame ukubusa ukwakheka, i-physics idlala indima ekuhlaziyeni isakhiwo sezendlalelo, izakhiwo ze-optical, kanye ne-impact deformation mechanics.
Amamaki ethuluzi angahlaziywa kusetshenziswa indlela ebonakalayo. Uma kusetshenziswa i-screwdriver noma i-crowbar ukuze kukhishwe, ubuso bushiya iphethini yokuklwebheka ekhombisa i-geometry yethuluzi kanye namandla asetshenzisiwe. Besebenzisa i-microscope kanye ne-3D imaging, abacwaningi baqhathanisa la maphethini ukuze bahlole ukufaneleka kwawo.
7. Ubuchwepheshe Bokushiswa Kwemisebe Nobunjiniyela Benuzi: Ukutholwa Nokuhlonza
Ezimweni ezithile, ukutholwa kwemisebe kuba yinto efanele, isibonelo ekushushumbisweni kwezinto ezinemisebe noma ekuphenyweni kokuchayeka kwemisebe. Izimiso zefiziksi yenuzi zisetshenziselwa ukukala uhlobo lwemisebe (i-alpha, i-beta, i-gamma), ubukhali bayo, kanye nomthombo wayo. Izinsimbi ezifana nezitholi ze-Geiger-Müller noma ama-gamma spectrometer zisiza ekutholeni ama-isotope athile.
Amasu okuthwebula izithombe ze-X-ray nawo asetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kwezifo, isibonelo, ukubuka izinto zangaphandle emzimbeni, ukuhlaziya amathambo, noma ukuhlola amaphakheji ngaphandle kokuwavula. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuphepheni nasekugcineni ubuqotho bobufakazi.
8. Ukucutshungulwa Kwesignali Nokusebenzisa Ikhompyutha: Ubufakazi Bedijithali kanye Nevidiyo Yokucwaswa Kwezomthetho
Nakuba kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-informatics, amasu amaningi okucubungula amasignali asekelwe ku-physics kanye nezibalo. Ukuhlaziywa kwevidiyo ye-forensic kuhilela ukuthuthukiswa kwesithombe, ukuzinza, ukunciphisa umsindo, kanye nokulinganisa ukunyakaza. Konke lokhu kusiza ekuhlungeni ulwazi olungacacile ngaphambilini, njengobuso bomenzi wobubi, inombolo yepuleti lelayisensi, noma imininingwane yokunyakaza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziya "i-rolling shutter" kumakhamera eselula noma kumakhamera e-CCTV kungasiza ekulinganiseni imvamisa yokukhanya ethile, ngisho nakwezinye izimo ukulinganisa isikhathi somcimbi ngokusekelwe ekukhanyeni kokukhanya noma izici zenethiwekhi kagesi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe besimanje buhlobene kangakanani nemibono ye-physics yamagagasi nesignali.
Isiphetho
I-physics kwisayensi ye-forensic isebenza “njengomqinisekisi weqiniso,” isiza ukuguqula ubufakazi bube ulwazi oluhlelekile noluvivinywayo. Ngobuchwepheshe, abaphenyi bangakha kabusha izingozi kanye nokunyakaza; nge-ballistics, bahlola indlela kanye nemiphumela yokuqhuma kwezibhamu; nge-optics kanye ne-acoustics, bathola ubufakazi obufihliwe ekukhanyeni nasemsindweni; nge-thermodynamics, balinganisa isikhathi sokufa; nge-physics yezinto, bachaza ukwaphuka kanye nemikhondo; futhi ngemisebe kanye nekhompyutha, banweba amakhono okuthola kuze kube semazingeni angabonakali.
Ekugcineni, i-physics ayimi yodwa. Isebenza kanye ne-biology, i-chemistry, i-forensic medicine, kanye nomthetho. Kodwa iminikelo yayo ihlukile: ukunemba kwenani, amamodeli ahlolwayo, kanye nendlela yemvelo esekelwe emthethweni. Ezweni le-forensic, elifuna ukunemba kanye nokungakhethi, i-physics iyisisekelo esibalulekile sokusekela ubulungiswa.
