Ukusetshenziswa kweFiziksi kubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana
Ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana bungenye yezimpumelelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zempucuko yanamuhla. Kusukela kumaselula, umsakazo, ithelevishini, kuya ku-inthanethi esheshayo, konke kuvumela abantu ukuthi bashintshane ngolwazi ngokushesha ngaphandle kwemingcele yebanga. Ngemuva kwalokhu kulula kunendima ebalulekile ku-physics, enikeza isisekelo sesayensi sendlela amasignali akhiqizwa ngayo, adluliselwa ngayo, akhuliswe futhi amukelwe ngayo. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela imiqondo ye-physics esetshenziswa ngayo kubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana, kusukela kumaza kagesi kanye nama-semiconductor kuya kuma-fiber optics kanye nama-satellite.
Amagagasi kagesi njengendlela yokudlulisela ulwazi
Isisekelo sezinhlelo eziningi zokuxhumana zanamuhla amaza kagesi. Lawa maza angasakazeka ngaphandle kwe-medium, ewavumela ukuthi ahambe ngisho nangaphandle kwe-vacuum. Yilokhu okwenza ukuxhumana kwesathelayithi kanye nokudluliswa kwesignali kusuka kumthumeli kuya kumukeli okude kube nokwenzeka.
Amagagasi kagesi amboza ububanzi obubanzi, kusukela kumagagasi omsakazo, ama-microwave, ama-infrared, ukukhanya okubonakalayo, ama-ultraviolet, ama-X-ray, kanye nemisebe ye-gamma. Uhlobo ngalunye lunezici ezithile kanye nokusetshenziswa. Isibonelo, amagagasi omsakazo asetshenziselwa ukusakaza umsakazo kanye nokuxhumana ibanga elide, kuyilapho ama-microwave esetshenziselwa i-Wi-Fi, ukuxhumana kwamaselula, kanye ne-radar. Ukukhetha uhlobo lwamagagasi kuncike ezintweni ezifana nobubanzi, ukungena kwezithiyo, umthamo wolwazi, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla.
Ekuxhumaneni, ulwazi "lubekwe phezulu" kugagasi lomthwali ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-modulation. Ngokwemvelo, i-modulation ushintsho kumapharamitha wamagagasi, njenge-amplitude (AM), imvamisa (FM), noma isigaba (PM). I-Modulation isiza amasignali ezwi noma edatha "i-piggyback" kumagagasi kagesi, okuwavumela ukuthi ahambe ibanga elide futhi amelane kakhulu nokuphazamiseka.
Izimiso Zokudlulisela Nokwamukela: Ama-Antenna Nokuzwakala Komsindo
I-antenna iyithuluzi elibalulekile eliguqula izimpawu zikagesi zibe amaza kagesi (i-transmitter) noma okuphambene nalokho (i-receiver). Ama-antenna asebenza ngezimiso ze-physics ye-electromagnetic: ukushintsha kwemisinga kagesi kukhiqiza amasimu kagesi namagnetic ahlukahlukene, abese ekhipha amaza.
Ukwakheka kwe-antenna kuthonywa kakhulu umqondo we-resonance. Ubude be-antenna buvame ukuhlelwa ngokwe-wavelength yesiginali ukuze kukhuliswe ukusebenza kahle kwemisebe noma ukwamukela. Isibonelo, i-antenna ye-half-wave (λ/2) ivame ukusetshenziswa ngoba izwakala kahle kuma-frequency athile. Yingakho ama-antenna omsakazo we-FM enobukhulu obuhlukile kunalawo okuxhumana kwe-Wi-Fi, njengoba ama-frequency nama-wavelength ehlukene.
Ama-elekthronikhi nama-semiconductor: Inhliziyo Yamadivayisi Ezokuxhumana Anamuhla
Nakuba amagagasi kagesi kuyiwona asetshenziswa kakhulu, amadivayisi okucubungula amasignali athembele kakhulu kwi-solid-state physics, ikakhulukazi ama-semiconductor. Ama-transistors, ama-diode, kanye nama-integrated circuits (ama-IC) yizingxenye ezenza amasignali akhuliswe, acutshungulwe, afakwe ikhodi, futhi ahunyushwe.
Ama-semiconductor afana ne-silicon anesici esiyingqayizivele: ukuhanjiswa kwawo kungalawulwa ngokufaka i-doping, kwakha izinto zohlobo lwe-n kanye nohlobo lwe-p. Uma zihlanganiswa zibe yi-p-n junction, kwakheka i-diode, okuvumela ukuthi ugesi ugeleze ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela, okubalulekile ekulungisweni kwesignali kanye nokususwa kwayo. Ama-transistors, okwamanje, angasebenza njengama-amplifier nama-switch, okwenza kube lula ukukhiqizwa kwesignali yomsakazo, ukukhuliswa kwesignali ebuthakathaka, kanye nokucutshungulwa kwedijithali kuma-smartphone nama-router.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthuko ku-quantum physics iye yaba negalelo ekuqondeni izikhala ze-semiconductor band kanye nesenzakalo se-tunneling esisetshenziswa ezingxenyeni eziningana zesimanje. Ngaphandle kwezisekelo ze-quantum physics, i-chip miniaturization kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamadivayisi okuxhumana ngabe bekungeke kufezwe njengoba kunjalo namuhla.
Ukuxhumana Kwedijithali: Ithiyori Yesignali, Umsindo, kanye Nokubhala Amakhodi
Ukuxhumana kwanamuhla manje sekubuswa izinhlelo zedijithali. Kulezi zinhlelo, ulwazi luguqulwa lube izinombolo ezimbili (0s kanye no-1s) bese ludluliselwa njenge-pulse noma izimpawu zedijithali. I-physics idlala indima ekuqondeni izakhiwo zesignali, amazinga okudlulisa idatha, kanye nokuphazamiseka noma umsindo.
Umsindo ukuphazamiseka okungahleliwe okungavela endaweni ezungezile (isb., umbani, amanye amadivayisi kagesi) noma ohlelweni ngokwalo, njengomsindo wokushisa obangelwa ukunyakaza okungahleliwe kwama-electron ezingxenyeni. I-physics ye-thermal ichaza ukuthi emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-zero ophelele, izinhlayiya zihamba njalo, zidala ukuguquguquka okuncane kwamandla kagesi okungaphazamisa amasignali. Ngakho-ke, izinhlelo zokuxhumana zidinga amasu okukhulisa, ukuhlunga, kanye nokulungisa amaphutha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ingamukelwa kahle.
Umqondo we-bandwidth nawo ubaluleke kakhulu. Uma i-bandwidth inkulu, kulapho umthamo wedatha ongadluliselwa khona ukhulu khona. Ku-physics yamagagasi, i-bandwidth ibhekisela kububanzi bemvamisa isignali eyisebenzisayo. Ubuchwepheshe be-4G kanye ne-5G busebenzisa amasu e-bandwidth abanzi kanye nokuguquguquka okuyinkimbinkimbi ukwandisa isivinini se-inthanethi.
I-Optical Fiber: Ukusetshenziswa Kokukhanya kanye Nokuzindla Okuphelele
Enye yezindlela zokusebenzisa i-physics ezishintsha kakhulu kwezokuxhumana yi-fiber optics. Le ndlela isebenzisa ukukhanya njengesithwali solwazi, okuvumela ukuthi kudluliswe idatha eningi kakhulu ngesivinini esikhulu nangokuncishiswa okuphansi.
Isimiso esiyinhloko se-optical fiber ukubonakaliswa kwangaphakathi okuphelele. Ukukhanya okungena enkabeni ye-fiber kuzoqhubeka nokubonakaliswa ngaphakathi kwayo ngenxa yomehluko we-refractive index phakathi kwenkaba kanye ne-cladding. Uma nje i-engeli ye-incidence inkulu kune-engeli ebalulekile, ukukhanya akuphumi entabeni futhi kuhlala kubambekile, okuvumela ukudluliselwa kwebanga elide.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-laser nama-LED njengemithombo yokukhanya kuhilela ne-quantum physics, ikakhulukazi umqondo wokukhishwa okushukunyiswayo kuma-laser. Ama-laser akhiqiza ukukhanya okuqondile nokuqondile, okwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ukuthumela izimpawu ngemicu ye-optical. Lobu buchwepheshe buvumela ukusebenza okuzinzile nokusheshayo kwamanethiwekhi e-inthanethi omhlaba wonke, njengezintambo zasolwandle ezihamba phakathi kwamazwekazi.
Amasathelayithi Nokuxhumana Okude: Ama-Orbit Nama-Microwave
Ukuxhumana ngesathelayithi kuyisibonelo sokusetshenziswa kwefiziksi okuhlanganisa imishini yakudala kanye ne-electromagnetics. Amasathelayithi abekwa ezindaweni ezithile, njengezindawo zokujikeleza ze-geostationary, ngakho-ke abonakala "emile" uma kuqhathaniswa nobuso boMhlaba. Amasathelayithi asebenza njengeziphindaphindi: amukela izimpawu ezivela eziteshini zomhlaba, azikhulise, bese ezithumela kabusha kwezinye izindawo.
Ama-microwave avame ukusetshenziswa ekuxhumaneni ngesathelayithi ngoba angathwala idatha eningi futhi angaqondiswa ngama-antenna e-parabolic. Ama-antenna e-parabolic asebenza ngesimiso sokubonakalisa amagagasi aye endaweni egxile kuyo, eqoqa futhi ekhulisa isignali. Kodwa-ke, ama-microwave nawo athintwa yizimo zomkhathi ezifana nokuphela kwemvula, ngakho-ke ukwakheka kwesistimu kudinga ukuhlaziywa kwe-physics yomkhathi kanye nokusabalala kwamagagasi.
Ubuchwepheshe Besimanje Obungenantambo: I-Wi-Fi, i-Bluetooth, kanye ne-5G
Ubuchwepheshe obungenantambo busebenzisa umsakazo nama-microwave ukuxhuma amadivayisi ngaphandle kwezintambo. I-Wi-Fi ne-Bluetooth zisebenzisa amaza athile (ngokuvamile angu-2,4 GHz no-5 GHz) ngamasu okucubungula amasignali ayinkimbinkimbi. I-physics yamagagasi isiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani amasignali e-Wi-Fi engaba buthaka njengoba edlula ezindongeni, ngenxa yokumuncwa, ukubonakaliswa, kanye nokusabalala.
Okwamanje, i-5G isiqala ukusebenzisa amagagasi e-millimeter (mmWave), anemvamisa ephezulu. Inzuzo ukuthi i-bandwidth inkulu, okuvumela isivinini esiphezulu. Kodwa-ke, la magagasi avinjelwa kalula futhi anebanga elifushane. Ukuze kuxazululwe lokhu, kusetshenziswa amanethiwekhi e-beamforming namaseli amancane, okwandisa inani lama-transmitter ukuze kugcinwe uxhumano oluzinzile.
Isiphetho
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-physics kubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana kukhulu futhi kuyisisekelo. Amagagasi kagesi avumela izimpawu ukuthi zisabalale amabanga amade, amasimu kagesi namagnetic asebenza kuma-antenna, ama-semiconductor avumela amadivayisi ukuthi acubungule idatha, ithiyori yesiginali isiza ukunqoba umsindo, imicu ye-optical isebenzisa ukubonakaliswa kwangaphakathi okuphelele, kanti amasathelayithi ahlanganisa imiqondo yokujikeleza kanye nokudluliselwa kwe-microwave. Yonke ifoni, umlayezo wombhalo, ukusakazwa kwevidiyo, ngisho nokufinyelela ku-inthanethi kuwumphumela wezimiso ezahlukahlukene zomzimba ezisetshenziswa kubunjiniyela bezobuchwepheshe.
Ngokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwefiziksi nokuxhumana, singaqonda kangcono ubunzima obukhona ngemuva kobuchwepheshe bansuku zonke futhi sibone amathuba okusungula izinto ezintsha esikhathini esizayo. Njengoba ifiziksi nobunjiniyela kuthuthuka, ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana buzoqhubeka bushesha, busebenza kahle, futhi bungabizi kakhulu emphakathini kabanzi.
