Isivinini Sokukhanya Ezindleleni Ezihlukahlukene
Ukukhanya kungenye yezinto eziyisisekelo nezithakazelisayo kakhulu ku-physics. Ake lesi sihloko sikuyise ezweni elithakazelisayo lejubane lokukhanya ezindabeni ezahlukahlukene. Kusukela emoyeni esiwuphefumulayo kuya ezintweni ezingavamile, sizohlola ukuthi ijubane lokukhanya lihluka kanjani kuye ngokuthi lihamba ngakuphi.
I-Pendahuluan
Ijubane lokukhanya endaweni engenalutho cishe lingama-299.792.458 amamitha ngomzuzwana, ngokuvamile lizungezwe lifike kuma-300.000 km/s. Lesi yisivinini esiphezulu amandla, ulwazi, noma izinto ezingahamba ngaso ngokusho kombono okhethekile ka-Albert Einstein wokuhlobana kwezinto. Kodwa ijubane lokukhanya lihluka kanjani kwezinye izindlela zokuxhumana? Lowo ngumbuzo oyinhloko lesi sihloko esihlose ukuwuphendula.
Ijubane Lokukhanya Ku-Vacuum
Ijubane lokukhanya endaweni engenalutho liyinto engaguquki, evame ukukhonjiswa ngo-"c." Ithiyori ka-Einstein yokuhlobana ichaza leli jubane njengomkhawulo wendawo yonke lapho kungekho lwazi noma into engadlula khona. Lo msebenzi wejubane lokukhanya ubalulekile kufomula ethi E=mc², ekhombisa ubudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kobuningi namandla.
Inkomba Yokubuka kanye Nesivinini Sokukhanya
Uma ukukhanya kungena kwenye indawo, njengamanzi, ingilazi, noma ngisho nomoya, isivinini sako siyashintsha. Lolu shintsho lulinganiswa kusetshenziswa inkomba yokukhanya (n), inombolo engenayunithi echaza ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okugobile (okugobile) njengoba kudlula endaweni. Inkomba yokukhanya ichazwa kanje:
\[ n = \frac{c}{v} \]
Kuphi:
– \( n \) = Inkomba yokubukeza
– \( c \) = Isivinini sokukhanya ku-vacuum
– \( v \) = Isivinini sokukhanya endaweni ephakathi
Uma inkomba yokukhanya ye-medium iphakeme, ukukhanya okuhamba kancane kuhamba kuyo.
Isivinini Sokukhanya Emoyeni
Umoya unenkomba yokukhanya ephakeme kancane kune-vacuum, ngokuvamile cishe u-1.0003 ngengcindezi ejwayelekile yomoya. Ngakho-ke, ijubane lokukhanya emoyeni licishe lifane nele-vacuum, kodwa lihamba kancane. Yingakho sivame ukungawunaki lo mehluko ezibalweni eziningi ezilula, kodwa ezilinganisweni zesayensi ezinembile kakhulu, lo mphumela uyacatshangelwa.
Isivinini Sokukhanya Emanzini
Amanzi, anenkomba yokukhanya engaba ngu-1.33, anciphisa ukukhanya kakhulu kunomoya. Ngakho-ke, ijubane lokukhanya emanzini licishe libe ngu-\( \frac{c}{1.33} \), noma cishe amakhilomitha angu-225.000/s. Umthelela walokhu kwehla ungashintsha imibala yokukhanya okubonakalayo, okubangela imiphumela yokukhanya esiyibona nsuku zonke, njengepensela ebonakala iphuka lapho ifakwa engilazini yamanzi.
Isivinini Sokukhanya Engilazini
Inkomba yokukhanya kwengilazi iyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lwayo kanye nokwakheka kwayo, kodwa ngokuvamile icishe ibe ngu-1.5. Ngakho-ke, ijubane lokukhanya engilazini lingu-\( \frac{c}{1.5} \), noma cishe amakhilomitha angu-200.000/s. Lolu shintsho lwejubane luvame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukene zokukhanya ezifana namalensi ekhamera nezibuko zamehlo, lapho ukukhanya kwe-refraction kuyisici esibalulekile.
Ijubane Lokukhanya Kumadayimane
Amadayimane anenkomba yokukhanya engu-2.42, enye yezinto ezibonakalayo eziphakeme kakhulu. Ngokusekelwe kulolu hlu lokukhanya, isivinini sokukhanya kudayimane singaba ngu-( \frac{c}{2.42} \), noma cishe u-124.000 km/s. Lolu hlu lokukhanya okuphezulu yisona sizathu esenza amadayimane akhanye futhi abonise ukukhanya ngokukhanya okumangalisayo kangaka, isici esifunwa kakhulu emhlabeni wobucwebe.
Ijubane Lokukhanya Ezintweni Ezingavamile
Ngaphezu kwezinto ezivamile njengomoya, amanzi, kanye nengilazi, ucwaningo lwesayensi luhlola nemidiya engavamile lapho ijubane lokukhanya lingahluka khona kakhulu. Nazi ezinye izibonelo:
I-Plasma
I-Plasma yisimo sendaba esinezinhlayiya ezishajiwe ezingatholakala ezinkanyezini noma kuma-TV e-plasma. Kulesi sigaba, isivinini sokukhanya singahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi i-plasma ingakanani kanye nokushisa kwayo.
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo
Ama-metematerial yizinto ezakhiwe ngazo ezincane ezakhiwe ukuze zibe nezakhiwo ezingatholakali emvelweni. Kwezinye izifundo, ama-metematerial aklanyelwe ukuba ne-negative refractive index, okuvumela ijubane lesigaba samagagasi okukhanya libe likhulu kakhulu kangangokuthi adala imiphumela emangalisayo njenge-"invisibility cloaks."
Izicelo kanye Nemiphumela
Ukuqonda ukuthi ijubane lokukhanya lishintsha kanjani emithonjeni ehlukene kunezindlela eziningi ezisebenzayo nemiphumela yemfundiso:
Ubuchwepheshe Bokuxhumana
I-fiber ekhanyayo, evame ukwenziwa ngengilazi noma ngepulasitiki ekhethekile, isebenzisa isimiso sokushintsha isivinini sokukhanya. Lokhu kuvumela ukudluliswa kwedatha okuphumelelayo kakhulu nokusheshayo.
astronomy
Ososayensi basebenzisa imiphumela yokuphambuka kanye nesivinini sokukhanya ukukala izenzakalo ezahlukahlukene zezinkanyezi, kusukela ekugobeni kokukhanya ngamandla adonsela phansi kuya kumphumela we-Doppler osetshenziswa ukunquma ukunyakaza kwezinkanyezi nemithala.
Izilinganiso
Ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) busebenzisa izakhiwo zemidiya ehlukahlukene ukudala izithombe ezisezingeni eliphezulu zangaphakathi lomzimba womuntu, ithuluzi elibalulekile ekuxilongweni kwezokwelapha.
Isiphetho
Ijubane lokukhanya lingenye yezinto eziyisisekelo ezihlala zikhona endaweni yonke, libonisa izinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo njengoba zidlula ezindaweni ezahlukene. Kusukela emkhathini esiwuphefumulayo, emanzini esiwaphuzayo, kuya kumadayimane esiwazisayo, konke kunikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngendlela imvelo esebenza ngayo. Lolu lwazi alubalulekile nje kuphela kwisayensi emsulwa kodwa futhi lwakha isisekelo sobuchwepheshe obuningi obubumba umhlaba wethu wanamuhla.
Ngokuqonda ukuthi ijubane lokukhanya lishintsha kanjani emithonjeni ehlukene yezindaba, singaqhubeka nokwenza intuthuko kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe, okusisondeza ezimpendulweni zemibuzo ejulile mayelana nendawo yonke yethu.
