USigmund Freud kanye no-Psychoanalysis
I-Pendahuluan
USigmund Freud ungomunye wabantu ababaluleke kakhulu emlandweni we-psychology kanye ne-psychoanalysis. Wazalwa ngoMeyi 6, 1856, eFreiberg, eMoravia (manje eyiPříbor, eCzech Republic), uFreud wayengudokotela wezinzwa kanye nomsunguli we-psychoanalysis, indlela entsha yokuqonda ingqondo nokuziphatha komuntu. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngempilo kaFreud, intuthuko yenkolelo-mbono yakhe, kanye nethonya kanye nokugxekwa kwe-psychoanalysis.
Impilo kanye neMfundo kaFreud
UFreud wazalelwa emndenini wamaJuda ophakathi nendawo. Esemusha, umndeni wakhe wathuthela eVienna, e-Austria, lapho uFreud achitha khona ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe. Eyaziwa njengomfundi ohlakaniphe kakhulu, uFreud wangena kwi-Faculty of Medicine e-University of Vienna ngo-1873 futhi waphothula iziqu zobudokotela ngo-1881.
Ngemva kokuqeda izifundo zakhe zobudokotela, uFreud wasebenza ezibhedlela ezahlukene eVienna, ikakhulukazi esibhedlela esijwayelekile, lapho athola khona udumo njengodokotela wezinzwa onethalente. Umsebenzi wakhe neziguli ezihlushwa izifo zezinzwa waholela ekubeni abe nesithakazelo esikhulayo emithonjeni yengqondo yezifo zomzimba.
Ukuthuthukiswa koHlelo Lokuhlaziya Ingqondo
Ukuqala kokuhlaziywa kwengqondo kungalandelwa emuva eminyakeni yokuqala kaFreud njengodokotela. UFreud wayekholelwa ukuthi izinkinga eziningi zengqondo zeziguli zakhe zivela ezingxabanweni nasekuhluphekeni okufihliwe ekungazi lutho. Le mbono yahlukana nombono ojwayelekile wangaleso sikhathi, owawugcizelela ukuthi zonke izinkinga zengqondo zazinezimbangela zomzimba.
UFreud wethulwa kwi-hypnosis nguJean-Martin Charcot noJosef Breuer, abayisebenzisela ukwelapha i-hysteria. Kodwa-ke, uFreud wagcina esethuthukise indlela yakhe, engadingi isikhathi esiningi futhi ephumelelayo: ukuzihlanganisa ngokukhululekile. Ngale ndlela, iziguli zakhuluma ngokukhululekile nganoma yini efika engqondweni yazo, okuvumela uFreud ukuthi abone amaphethini okucabanga angaqapheli kanye nezingxabano zangaphakathi.
Isakhiwo Sobuntu
Enye yeminikelo emikhulu kaFreud kwezengqondo kwakuyinkolelo-mbono yakhe yesakhiwo sobuntu, ehlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-Id, i-Ego, ne-Superego.
1. I-Id: Lena ingxenye yokuqala yobuntu bomuntu esebenza ngesimiso senjabulo. I-id isishukumisela ukuba sanelise izidingo eziyisisekelo kanye nemizwa ngokushesha, ngaphandle kokubheka iqiniso noma ukuziphatha.
2. I-Ego: Isebenza njengomlamuleli phakathi kwe-Id kanye neqiniso langaphandle. I-ego isebenza ngesimiso sangempela, ifuna ukwanelisa izifiso ze-Id ngendlela engokoqobo nangokuhambisana nezindinganiso zomphakathi.
3. I-Superego: Iqukethe izindinganiso zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha ezifakwe ngaphakathi kubazali nomphakathi. I-superego izama ukugcina izindinganiso zokuziphatha eziphakeme, ngokuvamile ezingqubuzana nezifiso ze-id.
Ukungezwani kanye nokungqubuzana phakathi kwalezi zingxenye ezintathu kwakha isisekelo sokuziphatha okuningi kwabantu, ngokusho kukaFreud. Lokhu kungqubuzana kuvame ukwenzeka ngokungazi, okuholela ekubonakalisweni okuhlukahlukene kwengqondo njengamaphupho, ukushelela kolimi, kanye nezimpawu ze-neurotic.
Izigaba Zobulili Obungqingili
UFreud waphinde wasungula inkolelo-mbono yokukhula kwengqondo ngokobulili, eyayigcizelela ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kobuntwana kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuntu nokuziphatha kamuva. Wahlukanisa lokhu kukhula ngezigaba ezinhlanu:
1. Isigaba Somlomo (izinyanga ezingu-0-18): Ukugxila okuyinhloko umlomo, futhi ukwaneliseka kutholakala ngemisebenzi efana nokumunca nokuluma.
2. Isigaba Sokuhluza (izinyanga ezingu-18-3): Ukwaneliseka okuhlobene nokulawula nokukhululwa kokukhishwa komzimba.
3. Isigaba Sezitho Zobulili (iminyaka engu-3-6): Izingane ziyaqaphela izitho zazo zobulili futhi zikhetha kakhulu umzali wobulili obuhlukile (i-Oedipus/Electra complex).
4. Isigaba Sokubambezeleka (iminyaka eyi-6-ukuthomba): Lesi sikhathi sibonakala ngokuhlala isikhathi eside kwezifiso zocansi kanye nokugxila kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi kanye nokwengqondo.
5. Isigaba Sobulili (ukuthomba nangaphezulu): Amandla ocansi avuselelwa futhi aqondiswe ebuhlotsheni bobulili obufanayo.
UFreud waphikisana ngokuthi uma izingxabano ezivela kuzo zonke lezi zigaba zingaxazululwa ngendlela eyanelisayo, umuntu angaba “obambekile” noma abhekane nobunzima obuzothinta ubuntu bakhe besikhathi esizayo.
Izindlela Zokwelapha Ngengqondo
Ukwelashwa nge-Psychoanalytic kuhlose ukwembula nokuxazulula izingxabano zangaphakathi kanye nokulimala okufihliwe entweni engazi lutho. Amasu ayinhloko asetshenziswa uFreud nabalandeli bakhe ahlanganisa:
1. Ukuhlangana Okukhululekile: Iziguli zicelwa ukuba zikhulume nganoma yini efika engqondweni. Ngale nqubo, abelaphi bangasiza iziguli ukuthi zithole izindlela zokucabanga ezingazi lutho.
2. Ukuhlaziywa Kwamaphupho: UFreud wayekholelwa ukuthi amaphupho ayisango lokungena engqondweni engaphansi kokuqonda futhi angaveza izifiso nezingxabano ezifihliwe.
3. Ukudluliselwa: Lokhu kuhilela isiguli ukuveza imizwa kumelaphi empeleni ewukubonakaliswa kwemizwa yaso kwabanye abantu ababalulekile empilweni yaso. Ngokucubungula ukudluliselwa, izingxabano zangaphakathi zingaxazululwa kalula.
Ithonya Nokugxekwa
Ithonya likaFreud kwezengqondo kanye nemikhakha ehlobene nalo lijulile. Imibono yakhe yathonya indlela esiqonda ngayo ubuntu, intuthuko yengane, kanye nokwelashwa kwengqondo. Imibono efana nezindlela zokuzivikela, ukucindezelwa, kanye nokungazi lutho sekuyingxenye ebalulekile yezengqondo zanamuhla kanye namasiko athandwayo.
Nokho, uFreud wathola nokugxekwa okukhulu. Lokhu kugxekwa ngokuvamile kugxile emaphuzu amaningana ayinhloko:
1. Ukuntuleka Kobufakazi Obungokomlando: Imibono eminingi kunzima noma akunakwenzeka ukuyihlola ngokwesayensi.
2. Ukuqonda izinto: Ukuhlaziya amaphupho kanye namasu okuxhumana ngokukhululekile kuncike kakhulu ekuqondeni komuntu, okwenza imiphumela yokwelapha incike ekuchazeni komelaphi.
3. Ukucwaswa Ngokobulili: Eminye yemibono kaFreud, ikakhulukazi leyo ehlobene nokuthuthukiswa kobulili obufanayo, ibhekwa njengebandlulula abesifazane.
Isiphetho
USigmund Freud ungumuntu omkhulu emlandweni we-psychology kanye ne-psychoanalysis. Nakuba imibono yakhe iphikisana futhi ivame ukuphikiswana ngayo, umthelela wayo endleleni esiqonda ngayo ingqondo yomuntu awunakweqiswa. I-Psychoanalysis yavula umnyango wendlela ejulile yempilo yengqondo kanye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, futhi naphezu kokugxekwa nokubuyekezwa okuningi, imiqondo eyisisekelo yemibono kaFreud isaqhubeka futhi iyachuma kuze kube namuhla. Ukuqonda kwakhe i-Id, i-Ego, ne-Superego, kanye nokubaluleka kokulimala kobuntwana ekuthuthukisweni kobuntu, kuyifa elihlala njalo lomsebenzi kaFreud.
