I-Metaethics kanye Nomqondo Wezindinganiso Zokuziphatha
I-Metaethics iyigatsha lefilosofi eligxile ekutadisheni uhlobo, isimo, kanye nesisekelo samagama nezitatimende zokuziphatha. Ngokungafani nezimiso zokuziphatha ezijwayelekile, ezifuna ukunquma ukuthi yini okufanele siyenze, noma izindlela zokuziphatha ezisetshenziswayo, ezisebenzisa izimiso zokuziphatha ezimweni eziqondile, i-metaethics igxila kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni kwemfundiso okuyisisekelo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umqondo wezindinganiso zokuziphatha ngaphakathi komongo we-metaethics nokuthi lo mbono uthonya kanjani ukuqonda kwethu ukuziphatha ngokujwayelekile.
Ukuqonda i-Metaethics
I-Metaethics ifuna ukuphendula imibuzo eyisisekelo efana nalokhu: Ziyini izincazelo zokuhle nokubi? Ingabe izindinganiso zokuziphatha ziqotho noma zisekelwe ezimisweni? Yiziphi izizathu zezimangalo zokuziphatha? Le mibuzo ingase izwakale ingacacile, kodwa ukuqonda okujulile nge-metaethics kusenza sibone ngokucacile isisekelo esiyisisekelo ngemuva kwezimiso zokuziphatha ezijwayelekile nezisetshenziswayo.
Ngokubanzi, kunezikole ezimbili eziyinhloko zokucabanga ku-metaethics: i-moral realism kanye ne-moral anti-realism. I-moral realism ithi izindinganiso zokuziphatha ziqotho futhi zingatholakala noma zihlonzwe njengamaqiniso azimele ezinkolelweni zabantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-moral anti-realism iyakuphika ukuba khona kwezindinganiso zokuziphatha eziqotho; bathi izindinganiso zokuziphatha ziyizinto ezakhiwa ngabantu noma izinto ezizimele.
Ubuqotho Bokuziphatha
I-Moral realism ibhekisela enkolelweni yokuthi kukhona amaqiniso okuziphatha aphelele azimele ngaphandle kokucabanga komuntu. Ama-Moral realism akholelwa ukuthi izimangalo zokuziphatha zingaba yiqiniso noma zingamanga, nokuthi iqiniso lokuziphatha alizimele ngemibono noma imizwa yomuntu ngamunye.
Enye impikiswano yokuba ngokoqobo kokuziphatha yimpikiswano evela ekungavumelanini kokuziphatha okunengqondo. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukungavumelani okukhulu nokujulile mayelana nezindaba ezithile zokuziphatha—njengezimpikiswano mayelana nobulungiswa bezenhlalo noma amalungelo abantu—kusho ukuthi kukhona iqiniso lokuziphatha elingelona iqiniso ngaphandle kombono womuntu ngamunye. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuziphatha elingelona iqiniso, zonke izimpikiswano zokuziphatha zingaba nje indaba yokuzikhethela komuntu siqu noma ukunambitheka kwakhe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izazi zefilosofi ezifana noThomas Nagel noDerek Parfit zithi ukuba ngokoqobo kokuziphatha kuchaza ngokunengqondo ukuthambekela komuntu kokuzizwa enesibopho sokuziphatha, ngisho noma lokhu kungahambisani nentshisekelo yethu. Isibonelo, sivame ukuzizwa siphoqelekile ukusiza abanye noma ukwenza imihlatshelo ngenxa yenzuzo evamile, ngisho noma lezi zenzo zingase zibe yingozi kithi.
Ukuziphatha Okuphambene Nokungokoqobo
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-anti-realism yokuziphatha ithi izindinganiso zokuziphatha azinawo umbono oqondile. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zalo mbono, okuhlanganisa i-emotivism, i-prescriptivism, kanye ne-relativism yokuziphatha.
I-Emotivism igomela ngokuthi izitatimende zokuziphatha empeleni ziyizimpawu zemizwa noma imizwa. Isibonelo, uma umuntu ethi, "Ukusiza abampofu kuhle," ngokusho kwe-emotivism, lokho abakuvezayo empeleni umuzwa omuhle ngaleso senzo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izitatimende zokuziphatha azinalo iqiniso kodwa zimane zibonisa imizwa yesikhulumi.
I-Prescriptivism, eyaphakanyiswa nguRichard M. Hare, iphakamisa ukuthi izitatimende zokuziphatha ziwuhlobo lomyalo noma isincomo. Uma senza isimangalo sokuziphatha, empeleni sinikeza abanye umyalo noma isiphakamiso sokuba benze ngendlela ethile. Isitatimende esifana nokuthi “Akumelwe uqambe amanga” sisho ukuthi “Ungaqambi amanga!” futhi asilona iqiniso noma amanga, kodwa simane nje siyisikhuthazo sokwenza okuthile.
I-relativism yokuziphatha umbono wokuthi izindinganiso zokuziphatha zihlobene namasiko, imiphakathi, noma abantu ngabanye. Ngamanye amazwi, lokho okubhekwa njengokulungile noma okungalungile kwesinye isiko noma isimo kungase kungabhekwa kanjalo kwesinye. Lokhu kubheka njengokungathi kukhona okugcizelela ukuthi azikho amaqiniso okuziphatha angasetshenziswa kubo bonke abantu.
Izindinganiso Zokuziphatha Ngomongo We-Metaethics
Izindinganiso zokuziphatha ziyinto ebalulekile ekugxilweni kuyo emithethweni yokuziphatha ngoba ziyisisekelo sezenzo nezinqumo ezahlukahlukene zokuziphatha. Ngemuva kwenqubomgomo ngayinye yokuziphatha kukhona isimangalo mayelana nenani lokuziphatha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lihlobene nenjabulo, inkululeko, ubulungiswa, noma ubuhle. Kulesi simo, izindinganiso zokuziphatha ziba yimingcele ebalulekile enquma ukuthi abantu kanye nomphakathi kufanele benze kanjani.
Ukungabi naphutha kwezindinganiso zokuziphatha ekuqondeni izinto ngokokuziphatha kusikisela ukuthi izindinganiso ezifana nobulungiswa noma injabulo zinesisekelo esizimele ekuqondeni komuntu ngamunye. Isibonelo, umuntu oqonda izinto ngokokuziphatha angase aphikise ngokuthi ukubulala akulungile ngoba kwephula ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokuphila, isimiso esibhekwa njengesiyiqiniso kuyo yonke indawo.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, izindinganiso zokuziphatha ezizimele, kumongo wokulwa nokungokoqobo, zisikisela ukuthi lezi zindinganiso ziwumphumela wokwakhiwa komphakathi noma ukukhetha komuntu ngamunye. Kulo mbono, izindinganiso zokuziphatha azinalo iqiniso elizimele futhi zingahluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu noma amasiko. Isibonelo, umphakathi owodwa ungase ubheke isibindi njengemfanelo eyinhloko, kanti omunye ungase ubheke ukuhlakanipha noma ububele kakhulu.
Imiphumela Yezimilo Ezijwayelekile Zokuziphatha Okujwayelekile Nokusetshenziswayo
Ukuqonda i-metaethics kunemiphumela emikhulu endleleni esakha futhi sisebenzise ngayo izimiso zokuziphatha ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. Uma samukela ubuqiniso bokuziphatha, singase sithambekele kakhulu ekufuneni izimiso zokuziphatha ezisebenza kuwo wonke umhlaba, njengalezo zamalungelo abantu noma ubulungiswa bezenhlalo. Singathambekela ekufuneni izisekelo zokuziphatha eziqinile, ezingashintshi ezisekelwe ekucabangeni okunengqondo noma okunengqondo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma samukela ukuphikisana nobuqotho bokuziphatha, sizovuleka kakhulu ekubunjweni kokuziphatha okuningi, okuqaphela ukuhlukahluka kwezindinganiso zokuziphatha kuwo wonke amasiko nabantu ngabanye. Lokhu kungaholela endleleni yokuzivumelanisa nezimo yokwenza izinqumo zokuziphatha, lapho sihlonipha khona izimo nemibono ehlukene ngaphandle kokuzama ukuthola iqiniso elilodwa lokuziphatha elijwayelekile.
Isiphetho
I-Metaethics ivula isikhala sokuba sizindle ngokujulile ngezisekelo kanye nokuba semthethweni kwezimangalo zethu zokuziphatha. Ngokuhlola kokubili ubuqiniso bokuziphatha kanye nokulwa nobuqiniso bokuziphatha, sithola ukuqonda okucebile ngokuthi izindinganiso zokuziphatha zingaqondwa futhi zisetshenziswe kanjani. Ezweni eliya ngokuya liba neziningi futhi liyinkimbinkimbi, ukuqonda i-metaethics kuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni uhlaka lokuziphatha olufanele noluthembekile.
Ngokuqonda okujulile nge-metaethics, asigcini nje ngokucebisa izingxoxo zefilosofi kodwa futhi sithuthukisa ikhono lethu lokubhekana nezinselele zangempela zokuziphatha zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Izindinganiso zokuziphatha, zombili eziqotho nezizimele, zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni umhlaba wethu, futhi ukuqonda kwe-metaethics kusiqondisa ekubhekaneni nalolu bunzima ngokuhlakanipha okukhulu nobulungiswa.
