USartre kanye nomqondo wokuphelelwa yithemba: Ukuhlola indida yenkululeko ku-Existentialism
UJean-Paul Sartre wayengomunye wezazi zefilosofi ezikholelwa kakhulu ebukhoneni bezwe zekhulu lama-20. Imisebenzi yakhe kanye nemibono ayithuthukisa iguqule indlela esizibheka ngayo thina, inkululeko, umthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nobudlelwano. Omunye wemibono ebalulekile ekucabangeni kwakhe "ukuphelelwa yithemba" (désespoir). Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umqondo wokuphelelwa yithemba engqondweni kaSartre, siqonde ukuthi wathuthuka kanjani, futhi sihlole ukubaluleka kwawo esimweni sanamuhla.
I-Sartre kanye ne-Existentialism
I-Existentialism iyisikole sefilosofi esigcizelela ubuntu, inkululeko, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu. Phakathi kwabantu abakholelwa ekubeni khona kwezinto, uSartre waziwa ngemibono yakhe eqinile ngenkululeko yomuntu. Ngokusho kukaSartre, "ukuba khona kuqala ngaphambi kwengqikithi," okusho ukuthi abantu baqala ukuba khona bese bezinqumela bona ngezenzo nokukhetha.
Ngokombono kaSartre, akukho "imvelo" yomuntu egxilile noma ebalulekile. Umuntu ngamunye ukhululekile ukuzichaza ngezinqumo azenzayo. Le nkululeko, nakuba ibonakala ikhulula, ithwala umthwalo osindayo wemfanelo. Futhi yilapho umqondo wokuphelelwa yithemba ungena khona esithombeni esikhulu sokucabanga kukaSartre.
Ukuqonda Ukuphelelwa Yithemba Ngokusho kukaSartre
Ukuphelelwa yithemba, ngokomongo kaSartre, akubhekiseli emizweni yokuphelelwa yithemba noma ukucindezeleka. Kunalokho, kuyisimo esivela ekuqapheleni ukuthi asinakuthembela kunoma yini engaphandle kwethu. USartre uchaza ukuphelelwa yithemba njengokuqaphela ukuthi umhlaba awunikezi siqinisekiso mayelana nokukhetha nezenzo zethu.
"Lokho kukhala kokuphelelwa yithemba akusikho ukukhala kokuphela, kodwa ukukhala kokuqala."
- UJean Paul Sartre
Ukuphelelwa yithemba kuyindlela yemvelo yokusabela enkululekweni ephelele abantu ababhekene nayo. Zonke izinqumo zihambisana nokungaqiniseki, futhi akukho lutho lwangaphandle (njengoNkulunkulu, isiphetho, noma ukuziphatha okujwayelekile) olungaqinisekisa umphumela wezenzo zethu. USartre wabiza lokhu ngokuthi “ukungazi okungokoqobo,” lapho singenaye umqondisi ophelele ngaphandle kwethu ekwenzeni izinqumo.
Inkululeko Nomthwalo Wemfanelo
Empeleni, ukuphelelwa yithemba kuwukuqaphela okujulile inkululeko yethu. USartre usimema ukuba samukele ukuthi ukuba khona kwethu kugcwele ukungaqiniseki. Kodwa-ke, kulokho kungaqiniseki kuvela inkululeko. KuSartre, ngokwamukela ukuphelelwa yithemba, empeleni senza isenzo sokunika amandla. Asisavinjelwa amathemba angamanga noma izinkolelo ezincane ngezwe.
Inkululeko Yangempela
Ekuchazeni umqondo wokuphelelwa yithemba, uSartre uphinde axoxe ngalokho akubiza ngokuthi “inkululeko yangempela.” Inkululeko yangempela ukuqaphela ngokugcwele inkululeko yethu kanye nokwamukela umthwalo wemfanelo wezenzo zethu ngaphandle kokuthembela kokulindelwe kwangaphandle. Lapho umuntu eqaphela ukuthi azikho iziqinisekiso noma izizathu eziphelele zanoma yisiphi isenzo, ubhekene nempikiswano yokuphila: lapho eqaphela kakhulu le mingcele, kulapho inkululeko yakhe yokudala injongo yakhe empilweni iba nkulu khona.
Isibonelo esiqondile salomqondo sisezweni lobuciko. Umdwebi udala umsebenzi ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sokuthi uzokwamukelwa noma uqondwe. Kodwa-ke, enkambisweni yokudala, bakhetha ukuveza umbono wabo ngaphandle kokuthembela ekuqashelweni kwangaphandle. Ngokufanayo, empilweni yansuku zonke, abantu abaqaphela futhi bamukele ukuphelelwa yithemba bangaba qotho kakhulu ekukhetheni kwabo, ngoba ababanjwanga yizinto ezilindelwe noma izindinganiso ezibekwe abanye noma umphakathi.
Ukuphelelwa Yithemba Emongweni Wesimanje
Nakuba uSartre abhala maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, umqondo wokuphelelwa yithemba usabalulekile nanamuhla. Phakathi kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, kanye noshintsho olusheshayo kwezenhlalo, abantu banamuhla bavame ukubhekana nokungaqiniseki okukhulu. Siphila ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi nelishintsha ngokushesha, okushiya abaningi bethu bezizwa bengenaso isisekelo esiqinile sokuzimela kuso.
Kodwa-ke, uSartre usinxusa ukuba singanqotshwa yilokhu kuphelelwa yithemba. Esikhundleni sokubheka ukungaqiniseki njengesithiyo, singakwamukela njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuphila. Ekwamukeleni ukungaqiniseki, singazithwala ngokugcwele imithwalo yemfanelo yezinqumo zethu futhi sakhe injongo yethu empilweni.
Ukugxekwa kanye nezinselele
Nakuba inamandla futhi ikhuthaza, umqondo kaSartre wokuphelelwa yithemba nawo ubhekane nokugxekwa. Abanye bathi inkululeko ephelele uSartre ayizinaki izici zangaphandle njengezimo zenhlalo, zomnotho, kanye namasiko ezingathonya izinqumo zomuntu ngamunye. Isho ukuthini inkululeko uma umuntu ephila esimweni esivinjelwe ubumpofu noma ukucindezelwa?
Abagxeki baphinde baveze ukuthi ukuphelelwa yithemba kukaSartre kungabonakala kungeyona into engokoqobo ngoba akunaki ithuba lokuba nethemba noma ukwesekwa okungokoqobo. Kubo, umuzwa wenkululeko kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo ngaphandle kwesisekelo esiqinile kungaholela ekuzileni nasekucindezelekeni okungenakugwenywa.
Kodwa-ke, abasekeli bakaSartre bathi kusekuphelelweni yithemba kanye nokwamukelwa ngokugcwele kwenkululeko yethu lapho singathola khona amandla angempela okushintsha umhlaba osizungezile. USartre ngokwakhe wayehileleke kakhulu kwezombusazwe kanye nokuphila komphakathi, ekhombisa ukuthi ukwamukela ukuphelelwa yithemba akudingeki kuholele ekuthuleni noma ekunganaki, kodwa kunalokho kungavusa isenzo nesibindi sokulwela ushintsho olungcono.
I-Penutup
UJean-Paul Sartre usinikeza umbono ojulile novusa inkanuko ngokuphila. Ngomqondo wokuphelelwa yithemba, usiphonsela inselelo yokuthi sibhekane neqiniso lokuthi umhlaba awunikezi ziqinisekiso, nokuthi inkululeko yethu ihlobene eduze nemithwalo yemfanelo esinayo. Nakuba lo mqondo ungase ube yingozi futhi wesabe, ngokuwamukela nokuwuqonda, singathola izindlela ezintsha zokuphila izimpilo zethu ngobuqotho nangendlela enenjongo.
Njengefa lomcabango wakhe, uSartre usikhumbuza ukuthi impilo iwuchungechunge lwezinqumo okufanele zenziwe ngisho nangaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, nokuthi lapho sibhekene nokungaqiniseki nokuphelelwa yithemba, singathola inkululeko yangempela. Phakathi kokungaqiniseki kwezwe lanamuhla, umqondo kaSartre wokuphelelwa yithemba usimema ukuba sivumelane nalokho kungaqiniseki futhi samukele inkululeko ekuphetheyo, nayo yonke imithwalo yemfanelo ehambisana nakho.
