Ukugxekwa Kwabachwepheshe Bezokwakha I-Humanism
I-Humanism, njengombono womhlaba obeka abantu esicongweni sayo yonke into, ithonye izikole ezahlukahlukene zemicabango kuwo wonke umlando wefilosofi namasiko. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvela kwe-poststructuralism, i-humanism ibhekane nezinselele ezinkulu. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ukugxekwa kwe-poststructuralist kwe-humanism futhi sichaze ukuthi lo mbono unikeza kanjani ukuqonda okusha ngesihloko somuntu, ulimi, kanye nencazelo.
UbuNtu kanye Nesikhundla Sabo Kwifilosofi
Ubu-Humanism, obachuma ngesikhathi se-Renaissance, babeka abantu esizindeni sezinto zonke, kokubili ngokwezindinganiso zokuziphatha kanye ne-epistemological. Abantu abanjengoPetrarch, u-Erasmus, noMontaigne bayizibonelo zabacabangi abagcizelela ukubaluleka kobuntu, ubuntu, kanye nokucabanga komuntu. Lokhu kwaphetha ngokuKhanyiselwa, okwagcizelela ukucabanga, inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, kanye nentuthuko yesayensi. Benethemba lokuthi abantu banamandla angenamkhawulo okuqonda nokuphatha umhlaba, ubu-humanism bathembisa inkululeko nentuthuko yomhlaba wonke.
Kodwa-ke, ezintuthukweni ezalandela, lo mbono waqala ukuphikiswa. I-Poststructuralism, inhlangano yefilosofi eyavela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, yaphonsela inselelo imiqondo ezinzile neyomhlaba wonke 'yesintu'. Njengoba abantu ababalulekile njengoMichel Foucault, uJacques Derrida, noJulia Kristeva, i-poststructuralism yanikeza ukugxekwa okujulile kwemibono yabantu.
Ukugxekwa Kwesihloko Kubuntu
Enye yezigxeko eziyinhloko ze-poststructuralism umqondo wesihloko ngaphakathi kwe-humanism. I-Humanism ivame ukucabanga ukuthi isihloko somuntu siyisakhiwo esizinzile, esizimele, nesinengqondo. Kulo mbono, abantu banobuntu obuhambisanayo futhi bangazi futhi balawule umhlaba ngokucabanga kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho.
I-Poststructuralism iphikisana nalokhu kucabanga. Isibonelo, uMichel Foucault ukhombisile ukuthi isihloko asiyona into ezimele futhi ezinzile, kodwa kunalokho siwumkhiqizo wezinhlobo eziningi zamandla omphakathi nawaphikisanayo. Ngokusho kukaFoucault, isihloko sakhiwe yimikhuba yamandla nolwazi olusebenza emphakathini. Ubunikazi bomuntu ngamunye abunakuhlukaniswa namanethiwekhi amandla nolwazi olubumbayo.
UJacques Derrida, ekugxekeni kwakhe i-logocentrism—inkolelo yokuthi amagama anezincazelo eziqondile futhi angabhekisela ngqo eqinisweni—ubonisa ukuthi incazelo ihlala ingazinzile futhi ihlehliswa njalo ngenqubo ayibiza ngokuthi “umehluko.” Ngokombono kaDerrida, akukho ngqikithi eqinile yesihloko ngoba ubunikazi buhlala bukhona ngomehluko kanye nebanga ukusuka kobunye ubunikazi.
Ukugxekwa Kokucabanga Nolimi
I-Humanism igcizelela kakhulu ukuqonda komuntu njengendlela eyinhloko yokuqonda nokulawula umhlaba. Kodwa-ke, i-poststructuralism iphonsela inselelo lokhu kucabanga ngokubonisa ukuthi ukuqonda ngokwako kwakheka kanjani ngezilimi nezinkulumo ezahlukahlukene.
UJulia Kristeva, ngombono wakhe wokuzidela, uqokomisa indlela izici ezingenangqondo nezingamukeleki zokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu ezivame ukubekelwa eceleni ngayo ukuze kulondolozwe ubumbano lomphakathi kanye nobuntu obuzinzile bomuntu ngamunye. KuKristeva, ulimi aluyona nje ithuluzi lokuxhumana okunengqondo, kodwa futhi luyinsimu yomzabalazo egcwele ukungezwani nokwahlukana.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuDerrida, ulimi alusoze lwaba sobala ngokuphelele noma lubonise ngqo umcabango kanye neqiniso. Luhlala lusebenza ngokudlala izimpawu okungaqediwe. Ngakho-ke, imizamo yokuthola ulwazi oluqondile noma incazelo eqondile ayilona iqiniso. Lokhu kuphinde kuphonsele inselelo inkolelo yabantu yokuthi ulwazi neqiniso kungatholakala ngokucabanga komuntu.
Ukuchithwa koBuwena kanye nencazelo
Ukususa ukwakheka, indlela ethandwayo ku-poststructuralism eyethulwe nguDerrida, ihlose ukukhombisa ukuthi imibhalo (futhi, ngokwengeziwe, zonke izinhlobo zenkulumo) zihlala ziqukethe ukuphikisana nokungazinzi okuphazamisa izimangalo zencazelo eqinile nevaliwe. Emongweni wokugxekwa kobuntu, ukususa ukwakheka kwembula ukuthi ubunikazi bobuntu kanye nezindinganiso, njengenkululeko kanye nobuntu, kuvame ukwakhiwa kanjani ezisekelweni ezintengantengayo neziphikisanayo.
Ngokuhlukanisa imibhalo yobuzwe, uDerrida ubonisa ukuthi imiqondo efana nenkululeko nentuthuko ivame ukuba nemikhondo yokuvinjelwa namandla. Isibonelo, umqondo wenkululeko ebuzwe ubuzwe uvame ukucatshangwa ukuthi ungowomhlaba wonke, kodwa iqiniso lomlando libonisa ukuthi le nkululeko ivame ukulinganiselwa yizimo ezithile zenhlalo, ezomnotho, kanye nezepolitiki. Emongweni wokuhlukana, sibona ukuthi lezi zindinganiso zobuzwe azikaze zibe zomhlaba wonke noma zikhululeke ngokuphelele emongweni wamandla.
Ukugxekwa Kobunye Nobunye
Esinye sezinkolelo eziyisisekelo zobuntu ukuthi izindinganiso ezithile, njengenkululeko, ukuqonda, kanye nenqubekela phambili, zisebenza kuwo wonke umuntu. I-Poststructuralism iphonsela inselelo lo mbono ngokubonisa ukuthi umqondo we-universality ukwakhiwa kwezenhlalo nezomlando okuvame ukunganaki ukwehlukahlukana nomehluko.
Ngokwesibonelo, uFoucault, encwadini yakhe ethi “The Order of Things,” ubonisa ukuthi isikhathi ngasinye somlando sinezindlela zaso ezihlukile zokucabanga, ukwazi, kanye nokwenza, azibiza ngokuthi “i-episteme.” Ayikho indlela eyodwa yokucabanga esebenza kuyo yonke indawo noma engunaphakade. Ngakho-ke, imizamo yokusebenzisa izindinganiso ezithile kuyo yonke indawo iwuhlobo lobukhosi obunganaki izindlela eziningi zokuphila kanye nokucabanga.
Ngokombono we-poststructure, umehluko wamasiko, womlando, kanye nowezenhlalo kufanele ubhekwe njengobalulekile kunokuba ubekwe ezingeni elifanayo. UKristeva uphinde wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokucabangela okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukahlukene futhi okuvame ukubandlululwa, njengalokho kwabesifazane namanye amaqembu amancane.
Isiphetho
I-Poststructuralism inikeza ukugxekwa okujulile kwezinkolelo eziyisisekelo zobuntu. Ngokuphonsela inselelo imiqondo yokuzinza kwesihloko, ukuqonda kolimi, ukuhlukahluka kwezindinganiso, kanye nencazelo, i-poststructuralism isimema ukuthi sicabange kabusha umbono wethu ngobuntu kanye nomhlaba. Esikhundleni sokubheka abantu njengezinto ezizimele nezinengqondo, i-poststructuralism yembula ubunzima bamandla, imikhuba ephikisanayo, kanye nezimpawu ezakha ubuwena kanye nencazelo. Lokhu kugxekwa kufundisa ukuthi zonke izimangalo zolwazi kanye nobuwena kumele zihlale zivulekele ukuhlaziywa okubucayi kanye nokuqedwa, ukuze sikwazi ukuqonda kangcono ukuhlukahluka kanye nokungazinzi okukhona kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu.
