Ukugxekwa kukaNietzsche ngeNkolo
UFriedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) waziwa njengomunye wezazi zefilosofi ezivusa inkanuko emlandweni wemicabango yaseNtshonalanga. Akazange nje agxeke inkolo njengesikhungo sezenhlalo, kodwa futhi waphonsela inselelo izisekelo zokuziphatha, ezingokoqobo, nezengqondo ayekholelwa ukuthi zisekela indlela abantu abaqhuba ngayo inkolo—ikakhulukazi emasikweni obuKristu aseYurophu. Ukugxekwa kukaNietzsche ngenkolo kuvame ukufingqwa ngokuthi “uNietzsche uyamzonda uNkulunkulu,” kodwa empeleni ayekuhlasela kwakuwuhlobo oluthile lwenkolo: inkolo ephika ukuphila, ebeka phambili ukuzidela, futhi yakha ukuziphatha ngokuzizwa unecala nokwesaba. Lesi sihloko sihlola umongo wokugxekwa kukaNietzsche ngenkolo, izizathu zayo, kanye nemiphumela yayo ekuqondeni kwanamuhla kokuziphatha kanye nobuntu.
1. “UNkulunkulu ufile”: ukuxilongwa, hhayi isiqubulo
Isitatimende sikaNietzsche esidumile kakhulu sithi "UNkulunkulu ufile," ikakhulukazi ku-*The Gay Science* kanye ne-*Thus Spoke Zarathustra*. Lesi sitatimende sivame ukungaqondwa kahle njengesimemezelo sokungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu komuntu siqu. KuNietzsche, "ukufa kukaNkulunkulu" kuyisifo samasiko: igunya lenkolo kanye nokholo olungokoqobo, olwake lwaba yimbangela yencazelo yokuphila, seluwile ngaphansi kwethonya lesimanje—isayensi, ukugxekwa komlando, ukucabanga, kanye noshintsho emphakathini. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu abaningi basasebenzisa ulimi lokuziphatha kanye nezindinganiso zenkolo, kodwa izisekelo zezinkolelo zabo azisakholisi.
Umphumela “wokufa kukaNkulunkulu” awuyona inkululeko elula, kodwa kunalokho uyinkinga yencazelo. Uma uNkulunkulu—njengomthombo weqiniso, injongo, kanye nezindinganiso zokuziphatha—engasakholelwa ngempela kuye, abantu babhekene ne-nihilism: umuzwa wokuthi impilo ayinayo incazelo eqondile. UNietzsche wayebona i-nihilism njengengozi kanye nethuba. Ingozi iwukuthi abantu bangawela ekunganaki nasekuzilahleni; ithuba liwukuthi abantu bangakha izindinganiso ezintsha, eziqinisekisayo zokuphila.
2. Inkolo njengophawu lwengqondo: ukwesaba, ubuthakathaka, kanye nokuphunyuka
UNietzsche wafunda inkolo hhayi nje njengemfundiso, kodwa njengento eyenzeka ngokwengqondo. Emibhalweni yakhe eminingi, waphikisana ngokuthi inkolo yavela esidingweni somuntu sokuvikelwa, ukuqiniseka, kanye nenduduzo. Lapho abantu bezizwa besengozini lapho bebhekene nokuhlupheka, ukungaqiniseki, nokufa, inkolo inikeza indaba eduduzayo: kukhona uhlelo lwaphezulu, kukhona ubulungiswa bendawo yonke, futhi kukhona ukuphila ngemva kokufa. KuNietzsche, inkinga akukhona nje ukuthi lezi zindaba zingase zingamanga, kodwa ukuthi zivame ukusebenza njengendlela yokubalekela amaqiniso okuphila.
Esikhundleni sokubhekana nokuhlupheka njengengxenye yemvelo yokuphila, ezinye izinkolo ziguqula ukuhlupheka kube “inani” elikhazimulayo: abangcwele yilabo abahlupheka kakhulu futhi abalalela kakhulu. UNietzsche wenqaba lo mbono ngoba, ngokusho kwakhe, uguqula abantu babe izidalwa ezesaba ukuphila futhi ezingathandi ukukhula. Wabiza lokhu kuthambekela ngokuthi “ukuzonda umhlaba” noma isimo sengqondo sokungathandi ukuphila: umhlaba wangempela uyabhekwa njengento ephansi, kuyilapho “elinye izwe” (izulu, ukuphila kwangemva kokufa, indawo evelele) kubhekwa njengokubaluleke kakhulu.
3. Ukuziphatha okugqilazayo kanye nokuguquka kwezindinganiso
Enye yezingxenye ezibucayi kakhulu zokugxeka kukaNietzsche inkolo ukuhlaziya kwakhe ukuziphatha, ikakhulukazi encwadini ethi On the Genealogy of Morality. Uhlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili zokuziphatha: ukuziphatha okuhle kanye nokuziphatha okuhle kwezigqila.
– Ukuziphatha kwakho kuvela ohlotsheni lomuntu oluqinile, oluzethembayo nolunobuhlakani. “Okuhle” kubo kusho ubuhle, isibindi, amandla, nesithunzi.
– Ukuziphatha kwezigqila kuvela emaqenjini abuthakathaka noma acindezelwe, angakwazi ukuveza amandla ngqo. Bathuthukisa izindinganiso eziphikisanayo: “okuhle” kusho ukuthobeka, ukulalela, ukungabi nolaka, kanye nokungafuni; kuyilapho “okubi” kuhlotshaniswa namandla, ukubusa, nesibindi.
UNietzsche waphikisana ngokuthi inkolo (ikakhulukazi ubuKristu baseYurophu) iqinisa ukuziphatha kwezigqila ngalokho akubiza ngokuthi ukucasuka—ukucasuka okufihliwe kwababuthakathaka ngokumelene nabanamandla. Njengoba ingenakukwazi ukuziphindiselela ngempumelelo, lokhu kucasuka kudluliselwa ekuguqulweni kwezindinganiso: amandla abizwa ngokuthi isono, ubuthakathaka bubizwa ngokuthi ubuhle. Kuleli cebo, abanamandla benziwa bazizwe benecala, kuyilapho ababuthakathaka benikezwa ukuphakama kokuziphatha. Lokhu kugxekwa akusho ukuthi uNietzsche udumisa unya, kodwa kunalokho wenqaba ukuziphatha okuzelwe ukusabela kokuziphindiselela nokuzonda amandla okuphila.
4. Ukuzidela kanye nomqondo “wokuzidela”
UNietzsche uphinde wagxeka umqondo wokuzila ukudla—umqondo wokuthi ukuzinikela kuhilela ukucindezela izifiso, ukulawula umzimba, kanye “nokubulala” izifiso zokuphila. Wabona umqondo wokuzila ukudla njengendlela yokunikeza incazelo ekuhluphekeni: uma impilo ibuhlungu, khona-ke ukuhlupheka kubhekwa njengendlela yokomoya eya ensindisweni.
Inkinga iwukuthi, kuNietzsche, umqondo wokuzidela uvame ukuholela ekuzideleni ngokweqile. Umzimba kanye nemizwa kubhekwa njengokungcolile, ubulili bubhekwa njengomthombo wesono, futhi injabulo yezwe iyasolisa. UNietzsche ubheka lokhu njengohlobo lobutha ngokuphila: abantu bafundiswa ukuzizwa benecala ngezinto eziyingxenye yemvelo yokuphila.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayebona ukuzidela njengendlela efihliwe "yentando yokuphatha." Umuntu okholwayo angathola amandla ngokuba ngumqaphi wokuziphatha, enquma ukuthi ubani ongcwele nokuthi ubani onesono. Ngakho-ke, ukuzinikela kungaba yindlela yomphakathi yokulawula abantu ngecala.
5. Inkolo, iqiniso, kanye “namanga awusizo”
KuNietzsche, inkolo yayihlotshaniswa nombuzo weqiniso. Wayengabaza izimangalo zenkolo zeqiniso eliphelele, njengoba lezi zimangalo zivame ukusebenzela ukuhlela umphakathi nokuqinisekisa ukuhleleka okuthile kokuziphatha. Ngokombono kaNietzsche, abantu abafuni iqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenxa yeqiniso; bavame ukufuna izinkolelo ezenza ukuphila kube lula.
Kodwa uNietzsche wayengeyena nje “omelene neqiniso.” Wagxeka indlela inkolo eyenza ngayo iqiniso libe ithuluzi legunya: imfundiso inikezwa isikhundla esingcwele, okwenza kube nzima ukubuza imibuzo. Lapho ukubuza imibuzo kubhekwa njengesono, ifilosofi nesayensi kubhekwa njengezinsongo, futhi inkululeko yokucabanga iyancishiswa. KuNietzsche, lokhu kuvimbela ukukhula komuntu njengezidalwa ezinesibindi sokwahlulela nokudala.
6. Yini ethatha indawo yenkolo? I-Übermensch kanye nokudalwa kwezindinganiso
Ukugxeka kukaNietzsche akugcini nje ekuchazeni izinto ngendlela engaqondakali; uphinde anikeze isiqondiso: abantu badinga ukuba ngabadali benani. Umuntu wakhe ongokomfanekiso yi-Übermensch (evame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi "superman" noma "superhuman"). I-Übermensch akuyona isizwe esithile noma umuntu ongaphezu komuntu wemvelo, kodwa kunalokho uhlobo lomuntu ongasathembeli egunyeni elingaphezu kwemingcele ngenjongo yokuphila, kodwa onesibindi sokuqinisekisa impilo—kuhlanganise nokuhlupheka—njengento engaguqulwa ibe amandla.
Yilapho kuvela khona umqondo we-amor fati (uthando lwekusasa): ukwamukela impilo njengoba injalo nokuthanda iqiniso, kunokubalekela kwelinye izwe. UNietzsche ukhuthaza ukuqinisekiswa kokuphila, ubuhlakani, amandla, nesibindi sokubhekana nokungabi nancazelo ngemva kokuwa kwegunya lendabuko.
7. Ukufaneleka kanye nempikiswano yokugxekwa kukaNietzsche
Ukugxeka kukaNietzsche kubalulekile ngoba akubheki nje kuphela inkolo njengomkhuba, kodwa futhi nomqondo ongavela noma kuphi: emibonweni yezepolitiki, ekuziphatheni komphakathi, noma emasikweni athandwayo—okungukuthi, ukuthambekela kokufuna “iqiniso lokugcina” ukuze uthole ukulondeka kwengqondo, kanye nokuthambekela kokusebenzisa umuzwa wecala njengendlela yokulawula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukucabanga kukaNietzsche nakho kuyaphikisana. Ukuhlaziywa kwakhe “kwabanamandla” “nababuthakathaka” ngezinye izikhathi kubhekwa njengokwenza kube lula kakhulu iqiniso lomphakathi. Ukugxeka kwakhe uzwela kuvame ukungaqondwa kahle njengesizathu sobudlova, yize uNietzsche efundwa ngokunembile njengomphikisi wokuziphatha okudumisa ubuthakathaka futhi okucindezela amandla.
Isiphetho
Ukugxekwa kukaNietzsche ngenkolo kuwukugxekwa kohlobo lwenkolo olulahla umhlaba, lukhazimulise ukuhlupheka, futhi lwakhe ukuziphatha ngokuzizwa unecala kanye nentukuthelo. KuNietzsche, "uNkulunkulu ufile" kubonisa inkinga yencazelo yesimanje kanye nokuqala kokungenzeka okusha: abantu bangadala inani ngaphandle kokuthembela egunyeni elingaphezu kwamandla. Uphonsela abantu inselelo yokuba baphile ngesibindi, ngokwethembeka ngokwengeziwe eqinisweni, futhi baqinisekise ngokwengeziwe empilweni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyavumelana noma asivumelani, ukugxekwa kukaNietzsche kusiphoqa ukuba sibuze: ingabe izinkolelo zethu zigcina impilo iphila, noma ziyayenza buthaka?
Uma ufisa, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe yinguqulo yendatshana yesikole (elula), inguqulo yezemfundo (enezingcaphuno kanye nohlu lwezincwadi), noma inguqulo eqhathanisa uNietzsche noMarx/Freud “njengamakhosi amathathu okusola.”
