Izindlela Zokucwaninga ku-Anthropology Yezilimi
I-anthropology yolimi iyigatsha le-anthropology elifunda ulimi njengomkhuba wezenhlalo namasiko. Ukugxila kwayo okuyinhloko akukhona nje ezakhiweni zolimi (njengohlelo lolimi noma i-phonology), kodwa kunalokho kuyindlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo ulimi ukwakha ubudlelwano, ukuxoxisana ngobunikazi, ukugcina amandla, ukulawula izindinganiso, nokudlulisa ulwazi ezimweni zansuku zonke. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zocwaningo ku-anthropology yolimi zivame ukuba sezingeni eliphezulu, zigxile kokuqukethwe, futhi zigcizelela umsebenzi wasensimini wesikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, intuthuko yakamuva nayo ivule amathuba ezindlela zokulinganisa, ukuhlaziywa kwe-corpus, kanye ne-ethnography yedijithali ukuhlola imikhuba yolimi ezweni elikhula ngokwedijithali.
1. I-Ethnography njengohlaka oluyinhloko
Indlela ehluke kakhulu ku-anthropology yolimi yi-ethnography, ucwaningo lwasensimini oluhlose ukuqonda impilo yomphakathi ngokombono wabahlanganyeli. Ku-ethnography, abacwaningi bavame ukuhlala noma bavame ukuba khona emphakathini ofundwayo, bakha ubudlelwano, babuka imisebenzi yansuku zonke, futhi babhala phansi imikhuba yokuxhumana eqhubekayo. I-ethnography ayiqoqi idatha kuphela kodwa futhi yakha ukuqonda ukuthi kungani abantu bekhuluma ngendlela abakhuluma ngayo, lapho bekhetha ukuthula, ukuthi babingelela kanjani, bahlekisa kanjani, baphikisana kanjani, noma bakhuluma kanjani nabanye ngokwezinga lomphakathi.
I-Ethnography ivumela abacwaningi ukuthi bahlele “imithetho engabhaliwe” yokuxhumana: isibonelo, ukuthi ubani ongakhuluma kuqala emhlanganweni wendabuko, ukuthi amasu okuhlonipha asetshenziswa kanjani ukwenqaba ngaphandle kokucasula, noma ukuthi izilimi ezithile zibhekwa kanjani njengezihlonishwa kakhulu kunezinye. Ngakho-ke, i-ethnography inikeza umongo owenza idatha yolimi ibe nenjongo ngokwezenhlalo namasiko.
2. Ukubuka kwabahlanganyeli
Ukubuka kwabahlanganyeli kuyindlela eyinhloko ehambisana ne-ethnography. Abacwaningi abagcini nje ngokubuka bekude, kodwa kunalokho bahlanganyela emisebenzini yomphakathi—ngezinga elifanele nelinokwenzeka—ngaleyo ndlela bebamba izici zokuxhumana ezivame ukuphuthelwa ezingxoxweni ezisemthethweni. Ngokwesimo se-anthropology yezilimi, ukubuka kwabahlanganyeli kusiza abacwaningi ukuqonda izici ezisebenzayo njengethoni, ukuma kancane, ukushukuma komzimba, ukubonakaliswa kobuso, kanye nesimo sesimo esithinta incazelo yamazwi.
Isibonelo, umusho ofanayo ungaba nzulu noma ube yisithuko kuye ngesimo kanye nobudlelwano bezenhlalo. Ukubuka kwabahlanganyeli kuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi babhale ukuthi incazelo "yakhiwa kanjani ngokubambisana" ekusebenzisaneni, hhayi ngamazwi kuphela.
3. Ukuqoshwa kwemvelo
Ukuqopha izingxoxo zemvelo kuyindlela ebalulekile ngoba izenzakalo eziningi zolimi—njengokushintsha ikhodi, ukuhleka, ukuphazamiseka, izimpawu zenkulumo (“eh,” “uh,” “uh”), noma amasu okuphazamisa—zivela ngokuzenzakalelayo. Idatha eqoshiwe ingaba umsindo noma ividiyo. Ividiyo ivame ukuba ngcono ekuhlaziyeni izici eziningi: ukushukuma kwesandla, isiqondiso sokubuka, ibanga lomzimba, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezizungeze ingxoxo.
Kodwa-ke, ukuqopha idatha yemvelo kudinga ukuzwela kokuziphatha: ukuthola imvume yomhlanganyeli, ukugcina ubumfihlo, ukugwema ukuqopha ezimweni ezibucayi, nokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwedatha okuphephile. Abacwaningi kumele futhi bacabangele umthelela "we-observer's paradox," okuwushintsho ekuziphatheni kolimi ngenxa yokuqwashisa ngokuqoshwa. Ukuze kuncishiswe lokhu, abacwaningi bavame ukwakha ukujwayelana futhi benze ukuqoshwa okuphindaphindiwe kuze kube yilapho abahlanganyeli bezizwa bekhululekile kakhudlwana.
4. Izingxoxo ze-ethnographic kanye nezingxoxo ezihlelekile kancane
Izingxoxo ku-anthropology yezilimi aziyona nje imibuzo nezimpendulo, kodwa ziyindlela yokuhlola ulwazi lwendawo mayelana nolimi: imibono yolimi, ukuhlolwa kwezilimi ezithile, okuhlangenwe nakho kokubandlululwa kolimi, noma amasu olimi ezimweni ezisemthethweni. Izingxoxo ze-ethnographic zivame ukuguquguquka, zilandela indaba yonolwazi, futhi zibeke phambili incazelo ngokombono wabo.
Izingxoxo ezingahlelekile kahle zisetshenziswa lapho abacwaningi bedinga ukuhlola isihloko esithile (isib. ukusetshenziswa kolimi esikoleni, ekhaya, noma emsebenzini) kodwa kusavumela ukuhlola. Le ndlela iwusizo ekugcwaliseni idatha yokusebenzisana kwemvelo: abacwaningi bangabuza ngezizathu zokukhetha amagama, imibono mayelana nenhlonipho, noma umlando wokushintsha kolimi emphakathini.
5. Ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwengxoxo
Uma idatha isiqoqiwe, isigaba sokuhlaziya siba yinto ebalulekile. Ku-anthropology yezilimi, ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo kuhlola indlela ulimi olubumba ngayo iqiniso lezenhlalo—isibonelo, indlela izindaba "zentuthuko" ezichazwa ngayo ezinqubweni zomphakathi ezibeka eceleni izilimi zendawo. Ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo kuhlola ukukhethwa kwesichazamazwi, isingathekiso, isakhiwo sendaba, kanye nesikhundla sesihloko ngaphakathi kombhalo noma inkulumo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwengxoxo kugxila kakhulu ekuhleleni ukuxhumana: ukwamukelana, ukuhlanganisa ngokulandelana (imibuzo-impendulo, ukubingelelana-ukubuyiselana), izindlela zokulungisa, kanye nendlela abahlanganyeli abagcina ngayo ukuxhumana okubushelelezi. Le ndlela iwusizo ekuhloleni imininingwane emincane eveza izakhiwo zomphakathi: ukuthi ubani ovame ukuphazamisa, ukuthi ubani okumele alinde, noma ukuthi igunya limiswa kanjani ngokuthathana.
6. Ukubhalwa phansi kanye nesichasiselo
Ukubhala phansi kuyibhuloho eliphakathi kwedatha eluhlaza kanye nokuhlaziywa. Ocwaningweni lwe-anthropology yezilimi, ukubhala phansi kuvame ukudlulela ngale kokubhala phansi amagama. Kungaqopha iphimbo, ukuphumula, ukugcizelela, ukuhleka, izinkulumo ezihambisanayo, kanye nezici ezingezona ezezwi. Izinhlelo zokubhala phansi zingalungiswa ukuze zivumelane nezinhloso zocwaningo: lapho ukuhlaziywa kokuxhumana kuningiliziwe, kulapho ukubhala phansi kuningiliziwe khona.
Izichasiselo ezengeziwe nazo zivamile: isibonelo, ukumaka izikhathi zokushintsha ikhodi, okuhlanganisa ama-morpheme glosses ezilimini ezingakabhalwa phansi, noma ukuqaphela umongo (ubani okhuluma nobani, ukusiphi isimo, nobudlelwano bomphakathi). Isofthiwe efana ne-ELAN noma i-Praat ivame ukusetshenziswa ukuvumelanisa ukuqoshwa kwekhodi nevidiyo yomsindo nokusiza ekubhaleni ikhodi.
7. Izindlela zokuqhathanisa kanye nezifundo zokuhlukahluka
I-anthropology yolimi isebenzisa futhi ukuqhathanisa kuzo zonke izimo, amaqembu, noma izizukulwane ukuhlola ushintsho lolimi. Abacwaningi bangase baqhathanise indlela intsha kanye nabantu abadala abasebenzisa ngayo imikhonzo, umehluko wolimi phakathi kwezindawo zasekhaya nezomphakathi, noma ukushintsha kolimi ngenxa yokufuduka kanye nokufudukela emadolobheni. Ucwaningo lokwehlukahlukana lusiza ukuqonda ukuthi ukukhetha ulimi kuhlobana kanjani nobunikazi (ubulili, isigaba, uhlanga, inkolo), kanye nendlela imiphakathi ebheka ngayo izinhlobo ezithile zolimi.
Kwezinye izimo, izindlela zokulinganisa zisetshenziswa ngezinga elilinganiselwe, isibonelo ukubala imvamisa yokushintsha ikhodi noma ukwenzeka kwezinhlobo ezithile ku-corpus yengxoxo, bese zihunyushwa ngokwekhwalithi ngaphakathi komongo we-ethnographic.
8. Ucwaningo lwe-ethnography yedijithali kanye nabezindaba
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe idale izikhala ezintsha zokuxhumana: izinkundla zokuxhumana, amaqembu ezingxoxo, imidlalo eku-inthanethi, kanye namapulatifomu amafushane evidiyo. I-anthropology yezilimi manje ihlola kabanzi imikhuba yolimi ezindaweni zedijithali, kufaka phakathi ama-meme, ama-emoji (njengezimpawu ezisebenzayo), izitayela zolimi "ezixubile", izilimi ezixubile, kanye nokwakhiwa komphakathi okusekelwe kuma-hashtag.
I-ethnography yedijithali ivumelanisa izimiso ze-ethnographic: abacwaningi baqaphela ukusebenzisana, baqonda izindinganiso zomphakathi, umongo wepulatifomu yamadokhumenti (izici, ama-algorithms, imithetho yokulinganisela), futhi bacabangele ukuziphatha komphakathi nokwangasese. Idatha yedijithali idinga ukuqaphela ngoba ukulandelwa kwe-inthanethi kukopishwa futhi kwabelwane kalula; ukungaziwa kanye nemvume kuyizindaba ezibalulekile.
9. Izimiso zokuziphatha zocwaningo
Izimiso zokuziphatha ziyisisekelo sezindlela zocwaningo lwezilimi zabantu. Abacwaningi kumele baqinisekise imvume enolwazi, bagcine imfihlo, bahloniphe izindinganiso zendawo, futhi bacabangele umthelela wocwaningo emphakathini. Emongweni wezilimi ezincane noma ezisengozini yokushabalala, abacwaningi kumele bagweme ukukhipha ulwazi ngaphandle kokwenza okufanayo. Imikhuba emihle ihlanganisa ukwabelana ngemiphumela yocwaningo, ukwenza imibhalo yolimi ifinyeleleke emphakathini, noma ukubandakanya izikhulumi njengabahlanganyeli, hhayi nje "izinto" zocwaningo.
I-Penutup
Izindlela zocwaningo ku-anthropology yezilimi zidinga inhlanganisela yokuqina kolimi kanye nokuzwela kwabantu. I-Ethnography, ukubheka abahlanganyeli, ukuqoshwa kwedatha yemvelo, izingxoxo, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwenkulumo kanye nengxoxo kuyizinto ezibalulekile zokuqonda ulimi njengomkhuba wezenhlalo. Esikhathini sedijithali, lezi zindlela ziye zanda ngokusebenzisa i-ethnography eku-inthanethi kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuxhumana okuhlanganyelwe. Ekugcineni, amandla e-anthropology yezilimi asemandleni ayo okuxhumanisa imininingwane emincane yolimi—njengokukhethwa kwamagama, ukuphumula, noma izitayela zokuhlekisa—nezakhiwo zomphakathi ezibanzi: ubunikazi, amandla, ukuziphatha, kanye noshintsho lwamasiko. Ngendlela efanele kanye nokuziphatha okuqinile, ucwaningo lwe-anthropology yezilimi lungenza iminikelo ebalulekile ekuqondeni kwethu isintu kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezindlela esikhuluma ngazo.
