Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kolimi Namasiko Ngokombono We-Anthropology
Ezifundweni ze-anthropology, ulimi namasiko kuqondakala njengezinto ezimbili ezihlobene kakhulu nezingenakuhlukaniswa. Ulimi aluyona nje indlela yokuxhumana, kodwa futhi luyindlela eyinhloko yokwakha, ukulondoloza, nokudlulisa isiko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiko linikeza uhlaka lwencazelo ngaphakathi kolimi: ukunquma ukuthi abantu bakhetha kanjani amagama, bakhe imisho, baveze imizwa, futhi banqume nokuthi yini ebhekwa njengehloniphekile noma engenanhlonipho ekuxhumaneni nabantu . Umbono we-anthropology ubeka ulimi njengengxenye yomkhuba wezenhlalo ophilayo, okuhlala kuhlotshaniswa nomongo womlando, amandla, ubuwena, kanye noshintsho emphakathini.
Ulimi njengohlelo lwezimpawu zamasiko
I-Anthropology ibheka isiko njengohlelo lwezimpawu—isethi yezincazelo ezivunyelwene ngazo futhi ezisetshenziswa amalungu omphakathi. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, ulimi luyisistimu yezimpawu eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi esetshenziswa njalo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngolimi, abantu baqamba izinto, izenzakalo, imizwa, ubudlelwano, kanye nemibono engaqondakali. Lawa magama awathathi hlangothi; athonywa indlela iqembu elibheka ngayo umhlaba.
Isibonelo, amagama obuhlobo ezilimini ezahlukene abonisa indlela imiphakathi ehlela ngayo ubudlelwano bezenhlalo. Isi-Indonesian sihlukanisa phakathi "komalume" kanye "nomalumekazi," kuyilapho ezinye izilimi zesifunda zinamagama ahlukene omalume bomama nobaba, noma zihlukanisa ngokusekelwe eminyakeni yobudala. Lokhu kwehluka kwesilulumagama kubonisa ukubaluleka kozalo, isakhiwo somndeni, kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi ezikhona emasikweni endawo.
Ubudlelwano Bezilimi: Umbono Wezimo Zolimi
Enye yezindikimba zakudala ku-anthropology yolimi ukuhlobana kolimi, okuhlobene nomqondo wokuthi isakhiwo solimi singathonya indlela abantu abacabanga futhi baqonde ngayo iqiniso. Lo mbono uvame ukuhlotshaniswa no-Edward Sapir noBenjamin Lee Whorf. Enguqulweni elinganiselayo (eyamukelwa kabanzi namuhla), ulimi "alunqumi" ngokuphelele umcabango, kodwa kunalokho luvame "ukuqondisa ukunaka" noma ukwakha imikhuba ethile yokuqonda.
Isibonelo, ezinye izilimi zinezinhlelo zokuqondisa ezithembele kakhulu ekuqondeni indawo (enyakatho-eningizimu-empumalanga-entshonalanga) kunokuba zithi “kwesobunxele-kwesokudla.” Abakhuluma lezi zilimi ngokuvamile baqeqeshwe ukuba baqaphele ngokunembile isikhundla kanye nesiqondiso esikhaleni. Lesi simo sibonisa ukuthi ulimi lukhuthaza imikhuba ethile yokuqonda exhumene nendlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yamasiko yalowo mphakathi.
Ulimi Njengomkhuba Wezenhlalo: Umongo, Amandla, kanye Nobuntu
I-anthropology yanamuhla igcizelela ukuthi ulimi kumele luqondwe njengomkhuba wezenhlalo, hhayi uhlelo lolimi nje kuphela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi incazelo yenkulumo ayiveli nje emazwini, kodwa futhi nokuthi ubani okhulumayo, kubani, kusiphi isimo, futhi ngayiphi injongo. Yilapho ulimi luxhunyaniswa khona ngqo nobudlelwano bamandla kanye nobunikazi.
Ukukhetha ulimi noma ukuhlukahluka kolimi kungabonisa isigaba senhlalo, izinga lemfundo, indawo umuntu asuka kuyo, ubudala, ngisho nemibono. Esimweni sase-Indonesia, ukusetshenziswa kolimi olujwayelekile lwase-Indonesia kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezikhungo ezisemthethweni njengezikole, ihhovisi likahulumeni, noma abezindaba bezwe, kuyilapho izinhlobo ezingezona ezijwayelekile nezilimi zesifunda zivela kakhulu emndenini, emphakathini, kanye nasemakethe. Lokhu kushintsha kokuhlukahluka kolimi akuyona nje indaba yokuxhumana kwezobuchwepheshe, kodwa kubonisa ukuxoxisana ngobuwena: lapho othile eziveza "njengesakhamuzi sesizwe," "ilungu lohlanga," "umuntu osemusha," noma "uchwepheshe."
Emiphakathini eminingi, ikhono lokukhuluma ulimi oluthile lingavula amathuba ezomnotho kanye nezenhlalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abakhuluma izilimi ezincane noma izilimi zendawo ngezinye izikhathi babhekana nokucwaswa—okubonwa njengokungajwayelekile noma okungafundile kangako. Izazi ze-anthropology zibheka lesi simo njengenqubo yezenhlalo nezepolitiki, lapho ulimi luba umthombo ongazuzisa noma unciphise amaqembu athile.
Inhlonipho kanye Nemikhuba Yamasiko Olimini
Ulimi luphinde lube nezindinganiso zamasiko mayelana nenhlonipho, ubuholi, kanye nokuziphatha okuhle emphakathini. Lokhu kubonakala ezinhlelweni zokubingelelana, ukukhetha amagama, kanye nesitayela sokukhuluma. Emasikweni agcizelela ubudala noma amazinga okukhula, ulimi luvame ukunikeza izinhlobo zenhlonipho. Isibonelo, isiJavane siyaqaphela amazinga okukhuluma (ngoko, madya, krama), adinga izikhulumi ukuthi zicabangele ubudlelwano bomphakathi ngaphambi kokukhuluma.
Imikhuba yenhlonipho ayiyona yonke indawo; lokho okubhekwa njengenhlonipho kwelinye isiko kungase kuhluke kwelinye. Eminye imiphakathi ibheka ukukhuluma ngqo njengokwethembeka, kanti eminye ibheka ukukhuluma ngokuqondile njengokudelela. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda ulimi kusho nokuqonda izindinganiso zalo zamasiko eziyisisekelo, okuhlanganisa nendlela umphakathi ophatha ngayo izingxabano, uveza ukugxeka, noma uveza ukungavumelani.
Ulimi, Isiko Lomlomo, kanye Nefa Lamasiko
Enye yeminikelo ebalulekile ye-anthropology ukunaka kwayo amasiko akhulunywa ngomlomo: izindaba zamasiko, izinganekwane, ama-mantra, izinkulumo zendabuko, izingoma, imilolozelo, izaga, nezinye izinhlobo zokulandisa komphakathi. Amasiko akhulunywa ngomlomo awawona nje ukuzijabulisa; ayizinqolobane zolwazi oluhlangene. Ngezindaba ezithile kanye nezinkulumo, izindinganiso zokuziphatha, umlando weqembu, i-cosmology, kanye nemithetho yezenhlalo kudluliselwa kusuka esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye.
Emiphakathini eminingi, izilimi zendawo ziqukethe imiqondo yamasiko nezigaba okunzima ukuzihumusha ngokunembile kwezinye izilimi. Uma ulimi lusengozini, akulona nje isilulumagama nesakhiwo semisho esilahlekile, kodwa futhi nezindlela ezihlukile zokuhumusha okuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila. Ngakho-ke, i-anthropology yezilimi ivame ukubandakanyeka ekubhalweni kolimi kanye nemizamo yokuvuselela njengengxenye yokulondolozwa kwefa lamasiko.
Ukuxhumana Ngolimi, Ukuhwebelana Komhlaba Wonke, kanye Nokushintsha Kwamasiko
Ubudlelwano phakathi kolimi namasiko bubonakala nasezinguqukweni zoshintsho—ikakhulukazi ezimweni zokuxhumana kolimi okubangelwa ukufuduka, ukuhweba, ubukoloni, imfundo yesimanje, kanye nemidiya yedijithali. Ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke kuholela ekusabalaleni kwezilimi ezivelele ezibhekwa njengezinenani eliphezulu kwezomnotho. E-Indonesia, isibonelo, isi-Indonesia sesiwulimi oluhlanganisayo lukazwelonke, kuyilapho isiNgisi sibaluleke kakhulu emfundweni nasemsebenzini. Umthelela ungafaka phakathi ukusebenzisa izilimi ezimbili, ukushintsha ikhodi, kanye nokuvela kwezitayela ezintsha zolimi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha kanye nasezindaweni zokuxhumana.
Ukushintsha kolimi kuvame ukuhambisana nokushintsha kwamasiko: ekugqokeni, emaphethini okusetshenziswa, ekunambithekeni komculo, kanye nobunikazi bezizukulwane. Kodwa-ke, i-anthropology isikhumbuza ukuthi ushintsho alusho nje "ukulahlekelwa isiko lendawo." Kunalokho, imiphakathi ivame ukudala izinhlobo ezixubile—ngokudala ukuhlanganisa izakhi zendawo nezomhlaba wonke. Ukuxuba ikhodi, isibonelo, kungaba isu lokubonisa ubuwena bezizwe ngezizwe ngenkathi "kuhlala kuxhumene" nomphakathi wendawo.
Izindlela Zokufunda Ngesintu Ekufundeni Ulimi Namasiko
I-Anthropology inendlela ehlukile yokuqonda ulimi, ikakhulukazi ngokubuka kwabahlanganyeli kanye ne-ethnography. Abacwaningi abagcini nje ngokuqoqa idatha yolimi ngesimo sohlu lwamagama noma izakhiwo zohlelo lolimi, kodwa futhi babheka indlela ulimi olusetshenziswa ngayo ezimweni zangempela: ekhaya, emakethe, esikoleni, emikhosini yendabuko , emihlanganweni yasemakhaya, noma ezindaweni zedijithali.
I-Ethnography ivumela abacwaningi ukuqonda incazelo engacacile yenkulumo, okuhlanganisa amahlaya, ukugcona, izingathekiso, kanye nezimpawu zendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-anthropology ihlola "imicimbi yenkulumo" - njengezinkulumo zomshado, izingxoxo zokuhweba, noma amasiko enkolo - njengezindawo lapho ulimi, imizwa, amandla, kanye nezindinganiso zamasiko kuhlangana khona.
Isiphetho
Ngokombono wesintu, ubudlelwano phakathi kolimi namasiko buyashintshana futhi buyashintshashintsha. Ulimi lubumba futhi ludlulise isiko ngezimpawu, izigaba zencazelo, kanye nemikhuba yokuxhumana yansuku zonke. Isiko, ngesikhathi esifanayo, linikeza umongo wezenhlalo onquma ukuthi ulimi lusetshenziswa kanjani: nini, ngobani, yiziphi izinhlobo, futhi ngaziphi izinjongo. Lapho imiphakathi ishintsha ngenxa yokuhwebelana komhlaba, ukufuduka, noma ubuchwepheshe, ulimi luyashintsha kanye nakho; noma kunjalo, ushintsho olunjalo alusho ukuthi kuzokwehla; lungavula nethuba lokudala amasiko amasha.
Ukuqonda ulimi kusho ukuqonda abantu njengezidalwa zomphakathi eziphila ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yezindinganiso, ubuwena, kanye nomlando. Ngakho-ke, isifundo solimi lwesintu asisizi nje kuphela olwazini lwezemfundo kodwa futhi sibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukwehlukahlukana kwamasiko, inqubomgomo yemfundo, kanye nemizamo yokwakha ukuxhumana okulinganayo kanye nenhlonipho yokwehluka emphakathini oqhubeka nokuba nezinhlanga eziningi.
