Incazelo Olimini Namasiko
Incazelo isenhliziyweni yolimi. Uma umuntu ekhuluma, ebhala, noma ngisho emane ekhombisa okuthile ngezimpawu zomzimba, okwenzekayo empeleni akukhona nje ukushintshana kwemisindo noma uchungechunge lwamagama, kodwa ukushintshana kwencazelo. Kodwa-ke, incazelo ayimi yodwa. Ihlala ixhumene nomongo, okuhlangenwe nakho, izindinganiso, kanye namasiko omphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda incazelo olimini akukwazi ukuhlukaniswa nesiko elizungezile. Ulimi "luyisitsha" esigcina imibono yomphakathi, kuyilapho isiko lisebenza "njengemephu" eqondisa indlela lolo limi olusetshenziswa futhi luhunyushwe ngayo.
Incazelo njengomqondo oguquguqukayo
Ezifundweni zolimi , incazelo ivame ukuqondwa njengobudlelwano phakathi kwesimo (igama/ibinzana) nomqondo walo noma ireferenti. Kodwa-ke, emisebenzini yokuxhumana yansuku zonke, incazelo inamandla kakhulu kunezincazelo zesichazamazwi. Igama elifanayo lingaba nezincazelo ezahlukene, kuye ngokuthi ubani olishoyo, kubani, nini, kuphi, futhi ngayiphi injongo. Eqinisweni, iphimbo kanye nokukhethwa kwamagama kungashintsha kakhulu umlayezo.
Isibonelo, igama elithi "baik" ngesi-Indonesia lingasho ukuthi "kuhle," "kunempilo," "ngiyavuma," noma nje ukuvala ingxoxo. Igama elithi "baik" eliqondile lingasho ukuthi "Ngiyaqonda" noma "Angifuni ukulidedela." Ngakolunye uhlangothi, igama elithi "baik!" elizwakalayo lingasho ukuvumelana ngentshiseko. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi incazelo ayiwona nje umphumela wemithetho yohlelo lolimi kodwa futhi umphumela wokuhumusha komphakathi.
Incazelo kanye nokuchazwa kolimi
Incazelo inezendlalelo. Izendlalelo ezivame ukuxoxwa ngazo yi-denotation kanye ne-connotation. I-denotation iyincazelo eyisisekelo, eqondile—incazelo evame ukuqoshwa kusichazamazwi. I-connotation, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyincazelo eyengeziwe evela ekuzihlanganiseni, emizweni, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwamasiko.
Thatha igama elithi "ikhaya," isibonelo. Ngokwencazelo, indlu iyisakhiwo sokuhlala. Kodwa-ke, ngokwencazelo, ingasho "ukufudumala," "umndeni," "ukuvikeleka," noma "imvelaphi." Kwamanye amasiko, "ukubuyela ekhaya" akusho nje ukubuyela ekhaya, kodwa futhi nokubuyela ebuntwini bakho, ezibophweni, nasebudlelwaneni bomphakathi. Lolu hlobo lwencazelo luvame ukondla ezincwadini ezicebile, ekukhangiseni, kanye nasenkulumweni yomphakathi, kodwa futhi lubangela ukungaqondani lapho abantu abavela ezizindeni ezahlukene zamasiko behumusha igama elifanayo ngendlela ehlukile.
Umongo wezenhlalo: kungani incazelo ivame ukuba “ayiyona engokoqobo”
Ekukhulumisaneni, incazelo eningi ayidluliselwa ngqo. Isiko linquma ukuthi abantu bathembela kangaki futhi ngezinga elingakanani ezinhlotsheni ezingacacile. Emiphakathini egcizelela inhlonipho nokuzwana, abantu bavame ukukhetha inkulumo engaqondile ukuze bagweme ukuxabana. Amagama akhulunywayo angase azwakale elula, kodwa incazelo yangempela ingemuva kwezenzo.
Isibonelo, uma othile ethi, "Ngizocabanga ngakho," leli gama lingasho ukuthi bazolicabangela ngempela, kodwa kwezinye izimo, lingasho nokwenqatshwa okuncane. Ngokufanayo, ibinzana elithi "Asikho isidingo," lingasho ukuthi akudingeki nhlobo, noma lingasho ukuthi "kulungile uma usanikeza," kuye ngesimo namasiko amasiko. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda ulimi kudinga ukuzwela izindinganiso zokuxhumana nabantu.
Incazelo yesiko kanye nenani : imiqondo engalingani ngaso sonke isikhathi
Isiko lakha izigaba ezibalulekile engqondweni yomuntu. Akuwona wonke umqondo onezilinganiso ezifanayo kuzo zonke izilimi. Amanye amagama abonakala elula, kodwa athwala umthwalo omkhulu wamasiko. Isibonelo, umqondo we-"malu" ngesi-Indonesia uvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezindinganiso zomphakathi , ukwahlulela abanye, kanye nokuzihlonipha. Ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke, elithi "malu" lingasho ukungakhululeki, ukungakhululeki, ukuzethemba okuphansi, noma ukugcina isithunzi.
Ngokufanayo, igama elithi "inhlonipho" alibhekiseli nje kuphela ekuziphatheni okuphucuzekile, kodwa futhi nasezindleleni zokukhuluma, ukukhetha ikheli, isitayela sokugqoka, kanye nokuhlonipha izikhundla zomphakathi. Uma igama linencazelo yamasiko, incazelo yalo iba ngaphezu nje kwencazelo—liba yisiqondiso sokuziphatha. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani ukuhumusha kwezilimi ezahlukene kuvame ukudinga izincazelo ezinde, njengoba lokho okudluliselwayo kungelona nje igama, kodwa umhlaba wencazelo ngemuva kwalo.
Izinhlelo zokubingelelana kanye nezigaba: incazelo ekukhetheni amagama
Enye indawo lapho ubudlelwano phakathi kolimi namasiko bubonakala khona ngokucacile uhlelo lokukhuluma. Ngesi-Indonesia, abantu bakhetha "wena," "wena," "mnumzane/ibu," "mas/mbak," "kak/adik," noma basebenzisa iziqu ezifana nesithi "Pak Dokter" noma "Bu Guru." Lezi zinketho azigcini nje ngohlelo lolimi; zibonisa ubudlelwano bezenhlalo: ubudala, isimo, ukusondelana, inhlonipho, kanye nezimo ezisemthethweni noma ezingakahleleki.
Amasiko agcizelela inhlonipho ngabantu abadala noma labo abanezikhundla eziphakeme avame ukuba nezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zokubingelelana. Izincazelo zawo zenhlalo zinamandla: ukukhetha ukubingelela okungalungile kungabonakala njengokudelela, okujwayelekile kakhulu, noma okude kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda izincazelo zolimi kusho nokuqonda "imithetho engabhaliwe" yesiko.
IzAga, izingathekiso, kanye nezimpawu zamasiko
Izincazelo zamasiko zivame ukucaciswa kwizaga, izisho, kanye nezingathekiso. Inkulumo ethi “isikhonkwane esikhulu kunesigxobo” ayigcini nje ngokuveza umqondo wokusebenzisa imali engaphezu kwemali engenayo, kodwa futhi isho umbono wamasiko wokuphila ngendlela yokonga kanye nokuba nengqondo kwendlela yokuphila. Izisho ezifana ne-“scapegoat” noma “talkie” ziqukethe izithombe ezingokomfanekiso ezabelwana ngazo emphakathini.
Izingathekiso zembula nokuthi isiko liqonda kanjani umhlaba. Isibonelo, izilimi eziningi zisebenzisa izingathekiso zendawo ukuchaza isikhathi (ngaphambili-ngemuva, eside-mfushane), noma izingathekiso zokunambitha ukuchaza okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomzwelo (okubabayo-okumnandi). Lezi zingathekiso zibonakala zingokwemvelo kubantu bomdabu abakhuluma ngoba ziyingxenye yendlela yabo yokucabanga evamile. Kodwa-ke, kubantu bangaphandle, izingathekiso zingadida uma zithathwa njengoba zinjalo.
Izincazelo ezishintshayo: ithonya lesikhathi nobuchwepheshe
Incazelo ayishintshi; iyashintsha ngentuthuko yomphakathi. Amagama ayengathathi hlangothi ngaphambili angaba bucayi, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nayo iveza izincazelo ezintsha. Amagama athi "akhawunti," "layisha," "indaba," "i-viral," noma "igesi" ku-slang yedijithali abonisa indlela ulimi oluvumelana ngayo nezidingo zokuxhumana zanamuhla.
Izinguquko encazelweni ziyabonakala nasekushintsheni kokusetshenziswa kwamagama kwansuku zonke. Amanye amagama athola ukusabalala kwencazelo (ukuba yinto evamile), ukuncishiswa kwencazelo (ukuba yinto ecacile), noma ukushintsha kwenani elibonwayo (kusuka kokuhle kuya kokubi noma okuphambene nalokho). Yilapho isiko elidumile , abezindaba, kanye nemiphakathi eku-inthanethi iba "izinjini" ezisheshisa izinguquko encazelweni. Ngenxa yalokho, isizukulwane esisodwa singaba nencazelo ehlukile yegama elifanayo kunesinye.
Incazelo, ubuwena, kanye namandla
Ulimi aluyona nje indlela yokuxhumana , kodwa futhi luwuphawu lokuzibonakalisa. Ulimi, ukukhetha amagama, kanye nesitayela sokukhuluma kungabonisa imvelaphi yesifunda, isigaba senhlalo, imfundo, noma ukuzibandakanya kweqembu. Ngakho-ke, incazelo olimini ihlobene nobudlelwano bamandla: ubani obhekwa "njengofanele," ubani obhekwa "njengongenanhlonipho," futhi onegunya lokubeka izindinganiso.
Ezimweni eziningi, ulimi olujwayelekile lubhekwa njengoludumile kakhulu kunezinhlobo zesifunda noma ezingakahleleki. Noma kunjalo, uhlobo ngalunye lunomsebenzi walo wamasiko kanye nenani lalo. Uma uhlobo lolimi lubhekwa njengoluphansi, luvame ukulimaza hhayi nje kuphela indlela yokukhuluma kodwa futhi nomphakathi wezikhulumi. Ngakho-ke, ukuxoxa ngencazelo olimini namasiko kusho nokuqaphela izinhlangothi zenhlalo nezepolitiki zemikhuba yolimi.
Isiphetho
Incazelo olimini nasemasikweni iyaphila, ihlukaniswe, futhi ithonywe umongo. Amagama awabhekiseli nje ezintweni noma ezenzweni, kodwa futhi aveza izindinganiso, imizwa, ubudlelwano bezenhlalo, kanye nemibono yezenhlalo. Isiko linikeza uhlaka lokuhumusha izinkulumo—kusukela ezinhlotsheni ezibonakala zilula ezichazayo kuya ezinhlotsheni ezichazayo ezifihliwe emasikweni, izingathekiso, kanye nemikhuba yenhlonipho.
Ngokuqonda ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kolimi namasiko, siba nozwela kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kwethu, siqaphele kakhulu ekuchazeni okushiwo abanye, futhi sivulekele kakhulu ukuhlukahluka kwezindlela abantu abazenza zibe nencazelo emhlabeni. Ekugcineni, ukufunda incazelo akukhona nje ngokufunda amagama, kodwa ngokufunda abantu namasiko abo.
