Tsamaiso ea Tlhokomelo ea Bobelehisi Maemong a Autism
Pendahuluan
Autism, kapa Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), ke boemo ba ntshetsopele ya methapo bo amang bokgoni ba puisano, dikamano tsa kahisano, boitshwaro, le kamoo batho ka bomong ba sebetsanang le di-stimuli tsa kutlo. Lentswe "spectrum" le bontsha hore matshwao le boemo ba tshehetso bo hlokahalang di fapana haholo ho tloha ho motho ho ya ho motho. Moelelong wa bobelehisi, autism ha e utlwisiswe feela e le tlhahlobo ho bana empa hape e amana le karolo ya babelehisi ho faneng ka tlhokomelo nakong ya boimana, pelehi, le nako ya kamora ho pepa, hammoho le ho beha leihlo kgolo le ntshetsopele ya masea le bana ba banyenyane ho tshehetsa ho fumanwa ha pele le ho fetisetswa ka nako. Tsamaiso ya tlhokomelo ya bobelehisi bakeng sa autism e hloka mokgwa o felletseng, o kopanetsweng, o thehilweng malapeng o hlomphang ditlhoko tsa motho ka mong.
Karolo ea Babelehisi Ponong ea Autism
Babelehisi ba etella pele lits'ebeletso tsa bophelo bo botle ba bo-mme le bana, ba bapala karolo ea bohlokoa thutong, thibelong ea likotsi, tlhahlobong ea nts'etsopele le ho hokahanya litšupiso. Le hoja autism e se boemo bo ka "phekoloang" ka phekolo e le 'ngoe, ho kenella ha pele ho bontšitsoe ho thusa nts'etsopele ea tsebo ea puisano, ho ikamahanya le maemo le boikemelo ho bana. Babelehisi ba thusa malapa ho utloisisa mehato e tloaelehileng ea nts'etsopele, ho lemoha matšoao a kotsi, le ho khothaletsa ho kenya letsoho ha batsoali ho khothatsong.
Ho phaella moo, babelehisi ba ka boela ba kopana le basali ba bakhachane kapa ba tsoetsoeng ka mor'a ho pepa ba nang le autism. Maemong ana, tsamaiso ea tlhokomelo e hloka ho fetola mekhoa ea puisano, tikoloho ea litšebeletso, le tšehetso ea kelello le kelello ho netefatsa hore 'mè o fumana tlhokomelo e sireletsehileng le e hlomphehang.
Khopolo ea Tsamaiso ea Tlhokomelo ea Bobelehisi
Tsamaiso ea tlhokomelo ea babelehisi ka kakaretso e latela ts'ebetso e hlophisitsoeng: tlhahlobo, tlhahlobo/tlhahlobo ea bothata, moralo, ts'ebetsong, tlhahlobo le litokomane. Maemong a amanang le autism, mehato ena e sebelisoa maemong a mabeli a mantlha:
1) Tlhokomelo ea bobelehisi bakeng sa bana ba belaelloang hore ba na le autism/kotsi ea tieho ea kholo (karolo ea babelehisi litšebeletsong tsa bo-mme le bana, litsi tsa bophelo bo botle tse kopaneng, mekhoa e ikemetseng ea ho ikemela).
2) Tlhokomelo ea bo-mme ba nang le autism (nakong ea boimana, pelehi, le kamora ho pepa).
Ho netefatsa hore sengoloa sena se amana le mekhoa ea tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle ba 'm'a le ngoana, sepheo sa mantlha e tla ba tsamaisong ea tlhokomelo ea babelehisi mabapi le tlhokomelo ea kholo le nts'etsopele le tšehetso ea lelapa bakeng sa ho lemoha autism esale pele ho bana.
1. Tlhahlobo
Mokhahlelo oa tlhahlobo o ikemiselitse ho bokella lintlha tse itšetlehileng ka maikutlo a motho ka mong le tse se nang leeme. Babelehisi ba hloka ho etsa nalane e shebaneng le ngoana le ho shebella kholo ea hae, ho kenyeletsoa boimana, pelehi le nalane ea lesea le sa tsoa tsoaloa.
A. Lintlha tse ithutoang ka boiketsetso
– Litletlebo tsa batsoali: ngoana o na le bothata ba ho shebana mahlong, ha a arabe ha a bitsoa, o lieha ho bua, ha a supe lintho, o bapala khafetsa, o halefa haholo, o ela hloko molumo/sebopeho.
– Nalane ea nts'etsopele: o qalile neng ho pitikoloha, ho lula, ho tsamaea, ho bua mantsoe a nang le moelelo.
– Nalane ea bongaka: ho otloa ke sethoathoa, tšoaetso e matla, ho lahleheloa ke kutlo, mathata a ho robala, mekhoa e khethehileng ea ho ja.
– Nalane ea lelapa: boteng ba litho tsa lelapa tse nang le mathata a kholo kapa mathata a ho ithuta.
– Mekhoa ea ho holisa bana le ea ho ba khothatsa: hore na ba buuoa hangata hakae, ba balloa libuka, le hore na ba bapaloa hangata hakae ka mokhoa o sebelisanang le bana.
B. Lintlha tse ithutoang ka sepheo
– Ho shebella dikamano: dikarabelo tsa kahisano, tlhokomelo e kopanetsweng (bokgoni ba ho arolelana tlhokomelo), bokgoni ba ho etsisa, papadi ya tshwantshetso.
– Tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea 'mele: boemo ba phepo e nepahetseng, matšoao a mathata a methapo ea kutlo, tlhahlobo ea litsebe haeba ho belaelloa hore ho na le tahlehelo ea kutlo.
– Litekanyo tsa anthropometric: BB/TB, sedikadikwe sa hlooho, ho latela mothapo wa kgolo.
– Tlhahlobo ea nts'etsopele: ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo tse fumanehang litsing tsa lehae (mohlala, KPSP bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea nts'etsopele) 'me haeba ho khoneha ho lebisa tlhahlobong e ikhethileng ea autism joalo ka M-CHAT-R/F ha a le likhoeling tse 16-30 (ka litšupiso kapa tšebelisano-'moho).
Litlhahlobo li lokela ho etsoa ka kutloelo-bohloko, ntle le ho beha batsoali molato, le ntle le ho ngola mabitso pele ho nako ntle le tlhahlobo e felletseng. Babelehisi ba ipeha boemong ba metsoalle, ba thusa malapa ho fumana mehato e nepahetseng.
2. Tlhahlobo ea Mathata a Pelehi le Tlhahlobo
Ka har'a lefapha la babelehisi, babelehisi ha ba etse tlhahlobo e hlakileng ea mafu a kelello/tlhabollo ea methapo, empa ba ka tseba likotsi kapa lipelaelo tsa mathata a nts'etsopele le ho tseba mathata a amanang le pelehi.
Mohlala oa ho qapa bothata:
– Ho lieha ha puo le ntshetsopele ya puo.
– Ho belaelloa ha likamano tsa sechaba le puisano e sa sebetseng hantle.
– Mathata a boitšoaro: ho halefa, boitšoaro bo pheta-phetoang, bothata ba ho fetola mesebetsi.
– Kotsi ea khatello ea maikutlo ea botsoali ho batsoali.
– Ho hloka tsebo ea lelapa mabapi le ho khothalletsa nts'etsopele le litsela tsa phetisetso.
Litaba tsena li theha motheo oa merero ea tlhokomelo le litšupiso.
3. Ho rera
Moralo oa tlhokomelo ea bo-'mè bakeng sa autism e belaelloang o shebane le mehato ea thibelo le khothatso, ho khothatsa esale pele, keletso ea lelapa le phetisetso.
A. Morero oa tlhokomelo
– Bana ba fumana ditlhahlobo tse ding tsa ntshetsopele ke basebetsi ba nang le bokgoni (dingaka tsa bana, dingaka tsa mafu a kelello tsa bana, dingaka tsa kelello, dingaka tsa puo/tsa mosebetsi).
– Batsoali ba utloisisa matšoao a tieho ea kholo 'me ba khona ho fana ka khothatso e bonolo lapeng.
– Ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo ka lapeng ka tšehetso le maano a sebele a ho ba motsoali.
– Netefatsa tlhokomelo e ntle ea kholo, boemo ba phepo e nepahetseng le bophelo bo botle ka kakaretso.
B. Morero oa mantlha oa ho kenella
1. Thuto mabapi le kgolo le ntshetsopele le matshwao a temoso a autism ho ya ka dilemo.
2. Ho susumetsa ntshetsopele ho itshetlehile mesebetsing ya letsatsi le letsatsi (papadi e arabelang, puisano ya mahlakore a mabedi, mekgwa ya kamehla).
3. Maano a keletso bakeng sa ho sebetsana le boitšoaro bo thata (ho halefa, ho tetebela maikutlong, mathata a ho ja).
4. Litšupiso tse kopaneng bakeng sa tlhahlobo e 'ngoe.
5. Kemiso ea kamehla ea tlhahlobo ho beha leihlo tsoelo-pele le ho latela melao ea phetisetso.
4. Ho kenngwa tshebetsong
Ho kenngwa tshebetsong ho etswa ho ya ka moralo le ditlhoko tsa lelapa. Mefuta e meng ya ho kenngwa tshebetsong e amanang le babelehisi e kenyeletsa:
A. Puisano e atlehang le ba lelapa
Babelehisi ba lokela ho sebelisa puo e bonolo, e seng ea ho ahlola le ho tsepamisa maikutlo linneteng tsa seo ba se boneng. Mohlala oa mokhoa e ka ba: "Ke hlokometse hore ngoana ha aa araba ha a bitsoa 'me ha aa ka a supa ntho eo a e batlang. Sena se ka amana le nts'etsopele ea puisano. Re lokela ho etsa tlhahlobo ea morao-rao e le hore ho kenella ho ka potlaka."
B. Thuto ea ho hlohlelletsa bana ba banyenyane lapeng
Ho hlasimolla ha ho hlokahale hore ho be theko e boima; senotlolo ke ho tsitsa le ho arabela:
– Ho shebana mahlong le ho etsa boikoetliso ba ho retelehela ho ba bang: ho bapala peek-a-boo, ho lahlela-tšoara feela.
– Ho itloaetsa puisano e sebetsang: ho botsa ka matshwao/mantswe a bonolo, ho sebedisa kgetho ya dintho tse pedi.
– Ho bala dibuka tsa ditshwantsho, ho reha dintho mabitso, ho etsisa medumo ya diphoofolo.
– Fokotsa ho pepesehela sesebelisoa se sa sebetseng 'me u eketse papali e sebelisanang.
C. Tšehetso ea taolo ea boitšoaro
– Etsa kemiso ea letsatsi le letsatsi e ka boleloang esale pele.
– Sebelisa litaelo tse khutšoanyane, ka bonngoe.
– Fana ka matlafatso e ntle ha ngwana a bontsha boitshwaro bo lebelletsweng.
– Hlalosa lintho tse bakang khalefo: tlala, mokhathala, lerata le leholo, liphetoho tse potlakileng.
D. Tšebelisano-'moho le litšupiso
Babelehisi ba tataisa malapa lits'ebeletsong tsa phetisetso ho latela tsamaiso ea lehae: lingaka tsa bana bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea nts'etsopele, tlhahlobo ea kutlo ha ho hlokahala, litsebi tsa kelello tsa bana/litsebi tsa mafu a kelello bakeng sa litlhahlobo, le phekolo (puo, mosebetsi, boitšoaro). Babelehisi ba ka boela ba fana ka tlhahiso ea phihlello ea lits'ebeletso tsa mmuso/sechaba, haeba li fumaneha, joalo ka litsi tsa lits'ebeletso tsa bokooa, lihlopha tsa tšehetso ea batsoali, le mananeo a ho kenella pele ho nako.
E. Tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle ea motheo
Tsoela pele ho netefatsa hore liente li etsoa ka nako e behiloeng, tlhokomelo ea phepo e nepahetseng, thibelo ea khaello ea mali, le thuto mabapi le lijo tse leka-lekaneng, kaha bana ba nang le autism hangata ba fumanoa ba ja ka ho khetha, e leng se ka amang boemo ba phepo e nepahetseng.
5. Tlhahlobo
Tlhahlobo e lekola hore na lipheo li finyeletsoe le hore na merero e hloka ho fetoloa. Matšoao a tlhahlobo a ka kenyelletsa:
– Lelapa le etsa phetisetso mme le fumana tlhahlobo e eketsehileng.
– Ho na le keketseho ya puisano e sebetsang (mohlala, ho qala ho supa, ho etsisa, kapa ho bua mantsoe a bonolo).
– Ho fokotseha ha kgatello ya maikutlo kapa batswadi ba kgona ho laola boitshwaro hamolemo.
– Kholo ea ngoana e ntse e le ntle 'me liente tsa thibelo ea mafu li phethehile.
– Batsoali ba bontšitse kutloisiso e betere le ho fokotseha ha maemo a matšoenyeho.
Tlhahlobo e hloka ho etsoa nako le nako, mohlala, ketelong e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea sepetlele se kopaneng sa bophelo bo botle kapa ka kemiso e lumellanoeng.
6. Litokomane
Litokomane li bohlokoa e le bopaki ba tšebeletso, mokhoa oa puisano lipakeng tsa litsebi tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, le motheo oa tlhahlobo. Rekoto ea babelehisi:
– Liphetho tsa litekolo tsa nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea boitšoaro.
– Thuto e fanoeng le karabelo ea batsoali.
– Litšupiso tse entsoeng (morero, letsatsi, lebaka).
– Moralo oa ho latela le liphetho tsa ho latela.
Litokomane tse hloekileng li thusa ho hokahanya lits'ebeletso ho pholletsa le mesebetsi.
Likarolo tsa Boitšoaro le tsa Kelello
Hangata mafu a autism a na le sekhobo sechabeng. Babelehisi ba hloka ho boloka lekunutu, ho hlompha likhetho tsa lelapa, le ho tiisa hore boemo bona ha se molato oa batsoali. Mokhoa oa tlhokomelo o shebaneng le lelapa o beha batsoali e le balekane, eseng ba molato. Babelehisi ba boetse ba hloka ho ela hloko monyetla oa ho tepella maikutlong ka mor'a ho pepa, matšoenyeho, kapa ho khathala ha batsoali le ho khothaletsa malapa ho batla tšehetso.
Qetello
Tsamaiso ea tlhokomelo ea bobelehisi bakeng sa autism ke letoto le hlophisitsoeng la lits'ebeletso tse hatisang tlhahlobo ea nts'etsopele, ho tsebahatsa matšoao a kotsi esale pele, ho hlohlelletsa thuto, tšehetso ea botsoali, le litšupiso tse kopanetsoeng bakeng sa tlhahlobo le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng. Babelehisi ba bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho theheng phihlello e potlakileng ea lits'ebeletso, ho thusa malapa ho utloisisa boemo ba ngoana oa bona, le ho netefatsa hore litlhoko tsa mantlha tsa bophelo bo botle - joalo ka phepo e nepahetseng, liente tsa ho entoa le tlhokomelo ea kholo - lia finyelloa. Ka mokhoa o nang le kutloelo-bohloko, o hlophisitsoeng le o tsoelang pele, tlhokomelo ea bobelehisi e ka kenya letsoho haholo boleng ba bophelo ba bana ba nang le autism le malapa a bona.
Haeba o lakatsa, nka fetola sengoloa sena hore e be sebopeho sa pampiri ea mahlale (ka semelo, lipakane, mokhoa oa thuto ea nyeoe, SOAP, le bibliography), kapa ka etsa mofuta o felletseng oa thuto ea nyeoe bakeng sa mosebetsi oa bo-'mè ba baimana.
