Mekhoa ea Tlhokomelo ea Bobelehisi Maemong a Down Syndrome
Pendahuluan
Down syndrome ke lefu le atileng haholo la lefutso ho batho, hangata le bakoang ke trisomy ea chromosome 21. Boemo bona bo ka ama kholo ea 'mele le nts'etsopele ea kelello,' me ba eketsa kotsi ea mathata a itseng a tsoalo, haholo-holo likoli tsa pelo le mathata a tsamaiso ea tšilo ea lijo. Moelelong oa pelehi, Down syndrome ha e amane feela le lesea le tsoaloang, empa hape e kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea tlhokomelo ho tloha boimaneng, pelehi, nako ea kamora ho pepa le nako ea lesea le sa tsoa tsoaloa. Ka hona, babelehisi ba na le karolo ea bohlokoa ho faneng ka tlhokomelo e felletseng: ho khothaletsa, ho thibela, ho phekola ka tšebelisano-'moho, le ho tsosolosa malapa.
Mehopolo ea Motheo ea Down Syndrome ho Bakhachane
Down syndrome e bakoa ke ho feta tekano ha lintho tsa lefutso ho chromosome 21, hangata e le ka sebopeho sa trisomy e felletseng 21, 'me ha se hangata ho translocations kapa mosaicism. Ntho e ka sehloohong e bakang kotsi ke ho eketseha ha lilemo tsa bo-mme, leha Down syndrome e ka etsahala lilemong life kapa life. Ho fumanoa kapele nakong ea tlhokomelo ea pelehi ho ka finyelloa ka tlhahlobo (mohlala, litlhahlobo tsa ultrasound tse hlahlobang matšoao a itseng le liteko tsa biochemical) le tlhahlobo e tiileng ka liteko tsa lefutso (mohlala, amniocentesis kapa CVS/chorionic villus sampling), hangata e etsoang ke setsebi. Karolo ea mobelehisi ke ho fana ka thuto, boeletsi, tšehetso le litšupiso tse nakong, ho sebelisoa puisano e nang le kutloelo-bohloko le e sa ahloleng.
Tlhokomelo ea Bobelehisi Nakong ea Boimana
1. Tlhahlobo ea Kotsi le Tlhahlobo
Babelehisi ba etsa tlhahlobo e felletseng, ho kenyeletsoa nalane ea bongaka ea 'm'ae, lilemo, nalane ea pele ea boimana, nalane ea lelapa, le liphetho tsa pele tsa tlhokomelo ea pelehi. Tlhahlobo e boetse e kenyelletsa boiketlo ba kelello ba 'm'ae le ba lelapa, kaha lipelaelo kapa liphetho tsa tlhahlobo e kotsi haholo li ka baka matšoenyeho. Haeba mabaka a kotsi a fumanoa (mohlala, lilemo tsa bo-'mè tse ka bang lilemo tse 35 kapa liphetho tsa tlhahlobo tse bontšang kotsi e eketsehileng), babelehisi ba hloka ho matlafatsa tlhokomelo le ho qala litšupiso tse kopanetsoeng.
2. Thuto ea Tlhahlobo le Likhetho tsa Tlhahlobo
Mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa tlhokomelo ea babelehisi ke thuto e hlakileng mabapi le phapang pakeng tsa tlhahlobo le tlhahlobo. Tlhahlobo e hlahloba feela kotsi e ka bang teng, ha tlhahlobo e tiisa boemo ba lefutso. Babelehisi ba thusa malapa ho utloisisa melemo, meeli le likotsi tsa mekhoa ea tlhahlobo e kenellang. Ha e le hantle, babelehisi ba tlameha ho hlompha liqeto tsa lelapa, ho boloka lekunutu, le ho netefatsa tumello e nang le tsebo haeba mekhoa e meng e etsoa ke setsi sa phetisetso.
3. Thuso ea Keletso le Keletso ea Maikutlo
Haeba diphetho di bontsha kotsi e kgolo kapa ho fumanwa ha Down syndrome, mooki ya fanang ka thuso ya kelello ka puisano ya kalafo: ho mamela ka mafolofolo, ho netefatsa maikutlo, le ho qoba ho beha molato. Keletso e ka akaretsa boitokisetso ba lelapa, moralo wa pelehi, le ditlhoko tse ka bang teng tsa tlhokomelo e ikgethang kamora ho beleha. Mooki ya fanang ka thuso a ka boela a tataisa lelapa ho ya dihlopheng tsa tshehetso, ditshebeletsong tsa boeletsi, kapa ho fetisetsa ho ditsebi tse amehang.
4. Moralo oa Tsoalo le Phetisetso
Masea a nang le Down syndrome a kotsing ea ho ba le bofokoli ba pelo ba tlhaho, hypotonia, le mathata a tšilo ea lijo. Ka hona, tlhokomelo ea pele ho tsoalo e kenyelletsa ho rera ho pepa setsing se nang le litšebeletso tsa masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa le litsebi tsa bana, hammoho le phihlello ea echocardiography, haeba ho hlokahala. Babelehisi ba etsa bonnete ba hore ba itokiselitse ho fetisetsoa, ho kenyeletsoa le lipalangoang, litokomane tsa bongaka, le tšebelisano-'moho lipakeng tsa litsebi tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo.
Tlhokomelo ea Bobelehisi nakong ea Pelehi (Pelehi)
1. Ho beha leihlo mosebetsi ka hloko
Nakong ea pelehi, babelehisi ba tsoela pele ho latela tlhokomelo e tloaelehileng ba sebelisa parograph, ba lekola tsoelo-pele ea pelehi, boemo ba 'm'ae (matšoao a bohlokoa, ho tsoa mali, bohloko), le boiketlo ba lesea le sa tsoa tsoaloa ka ho lekola sekhahla sa pelo ea lesea le sa tsoa tsoaloa. Haeba ho na le matšoao afe kapa afe a hore lesea le tšoenyehile kapa hore pelehi ha e sa tsoela pele, babelehisi ba lokela ho sebelisana hang-hang kapa ho fetisetsa mosali ho latela melaoana.
2. Mekhoa ea Puisano le Tšehetso ea Maikutlo
Ho pepa ha bo-mme ba nang le matšoenyeho ka lebaka la ho fumanoa ba e-na le Down syndrome ho hloka tšehetso e eketsehileng. Babelehisi ba sebetsa joaloka metsoalle, ba fana ka maikutlo a tšireletseho, ba hlalosa ts'ebetso, 'me ba kenyelletsa lelapa leo 'mè a le khethileng. Tšehetso e ntle ea maikutlo e ka thusa ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo, ho ntlafatsa phihlelo ea pelehi, le ho ntlafatsa kamano ea 'mè le lesea.
3. Ho Lokisetsa Tsosoloso le Tlhokomelo ea Masea a sa Tsoa Tsoaloa
Masea a nang le Down syndrome a ka ba le hypotonia (bofokoli ba mesifa) le bothata ba ho hema, kahoo babelehisi ba hloka ho lokisa lisebelisoa tsa ho tsosolosa masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa le ho netefatsa hore mekhoa ea motheo ea ho tsosolosa e se e loketse. Mekhoa ea tlhokomelo e kenyelletsa ho netefatsa hore lesea le futhumala, ho omella ka potlako, ho hlahloba ho hema, le ho etsa mehato ea ho tsosolosa, haeba ho hlokahala, ho latela litataiso. Tšebelisano-'moho le ngaka ea bana kapa sehlopha sa masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa ke ea bohlokoa haeba lesea le bontša khatello.
Tlhokomelo ea Bobelehisi Nakong ea Nako ea Kamora ho pepa
1. Ho beha leihlo boemo ba mme
Nakong ea kamora ho pepa, babelehisi ba hlokomela ho hloleha ha popelo, ho tsoa mali, matšoao a tšoaetso, boemo ba ho anyesa le boiketlo ba kelello. Bo-'mè ba belehang masea a nang le Down syndrome ba ka ba kotsing e kholo ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello ea maikutlo ka mor'a ho pepa ka lebaka la liphetoho mererong ea bophelo le matšoenyeho mabapi le bokamoso ba ngoana. Mekhoa ea tlhokomelo ea bo-'mè e kenyelletsa tlhahlobo e bonolo ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello, puisano e tšehetsang, le phetisetso bakeng sa matšoao afe kapa afe a khatello ea maikutlo kapa mathata a ho tšoenyeha.
2. Tšehetso ea ho anyesa
Masea a nang le Down syndrome hangata a thatafalloa ke ho anyesa ka lebaka la hypotonia, ho fokola ha ho anyesa, kapa mathata a ho hokahanya. Babelehisi ba fana ka mekhoa e matla ea ho anyesa, joalo ka maemo a tšehetsang, ho kopana khafetsa ha letlalo le letlalo, le liteko tsa ho lata. Haeba ho hlokahala, babelehisi ba ka ruta bo-'mè mokhoa oa ho ntša lebese la matsoele le ho fana ka lebese la matsoele le ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng. Tšehetso ena ea bohlokoa hobane lebese la matsoele le thusa ho matlafatsa sesole sa 'mele sa lesea le ho matlafatsa tlamo.
3. Thuto ea Tlhokomelo ea Masea le Lelapa
Babelehisi ba fana ka thuto mabapi le matšoao a kotsi ho masea, kemiso ea tlhahlobo, liente tsa ho entoa, le bohlokoa ba tlhahlobo ea bophelo bo botle. Malapa a boetse a hloka ho tsebisoa hore bana ba nang le Down syndrome ba ka hola hantle ka ho hlasimoloha ha pele, mekhoa ea phekolo (physiotherapy, occupational therapy, le speech therapy), le tikoloho e tšehetsang. Thuto e fanoa ka puo e bonolo, ka mekhahlelo, 'me e beha litebello tsa sebele pele.
Tlhokomelo ea Bobelehisi bakeng sa Masea a sa Tsoa Tsoa Tsoaloa a nang le Down Syndrome e Belaetsoang/e Fumanoeng
1. Tseba Matšoao a Pele a Bongaka
Kamora ho beleha, babelehisi ba ka belaella Down syndrome ho latela litšobotsi tse kang hypotonia, sefahleho se bataletseng, menahano ea epicanthal, litsebe tse nyane, lesoba le le leng la letsoho, le menoana e meholo e arohaneng haholo. Leha ho le joalo, babelehisi ba hloka ho utloisisa hore tlhahlobo e tiileng e tlameha ho netefatsoa ka liteko tsa lefutso. Mekhoa e nepahetseng ea tlhokomelo e kenyelletsa ho ngola liphuputso, ho fetisa tlhahisoleseling ka bohlale, le ho khothaletsa liteko tse ling.
2. Tlhahlobo ea Bophelo bo Botle le Tšebelisano-'moho
Masea a nang le Down syndrome a kotsing ea ho ba le bofokoli ba pelo bo tsoaloang le bona (mohlala, AVSD), mathata a tšilo ea lijo (mohlala, duodenal atresia), mathata a ho utloa le mathata a thyroid. Babelehisi ba bapala karolo ho netefatseng hore masea a fumana tlhokomelo ea ho latela kamoo ho laetsoeng kateng: tlhahlobo ea pelo, tlhokomelo ea ho tlala ha oksijene, boemo ba phepo e nepahetseng, le tlhahlobo ea kholo le nts'etsopele. Tšebelisano-'moho ea litsebi ke eona ntho ea bohlokoa tlhokomelong maemong ana.
3. Tlhohlelletso ea Pele le Phetisetso bakeng sa Litšebeletso tsa Kholo le Nts'etsopele
Ho kenella kapele ke habohlokoa. Babelehisi ba ka tataisa batsoali mananeong a ho hlasimolla kholo a loketseng lilemo tsa bona, ba fana ka ho silila masea haeba ho bontšitsoe, ba etse boikoetliso bo bonolo ba ho matlafatsa mesifa, 'me ba romele ngoana oa bona tleliniking ea kholo. Mekhoa ea tlhokomelo ea babelehisi mona e totobatsa ho thibela tieho e matla ea kholo ka tšehetso ea pele.
Boitšoaro, Kutloelo-bohloko, le Mokhoa o Itšetlehileng ka Lelapa
Tlhokomelo ea bobelehisi bakeng sa linyeoe tsa Down syndrome e tlameha ho etelletsa pele boitšoaro: ho hlompha likhetho tsa lelapa, ho boloka lekunutu, le ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e leka-lekaneng. Babelehisi ba lokela ho qoba sekhobo, ho qoba mabitso a fosahetseng, le ho tsepamisa maikutlo litlhokong tsa 'nete tsa' mè le lesea. Mokhoa oa tlhokomelo o shebaneng le lelapa o kenyelletsa lelapa joalo ka molekane oa tlhokomelo, o nolofalletsang liqeto tse betere tsa bongaka le merero ea ho latela.
Qetello
Mekhoa ea tlhokomelo ea bo-'mè bakeng sa Down syndrome e kenyelletsa tlhokomelo e felletseng ho tloha nakong ea pelehi ho isa nakong ea masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa, ka ho totobatsa ho lemoha kapele, thuto, tšehetso ea kelello le kelello, tlhokomelo e sireletsehileng ea ho pepa, le tšebelisano-'moho le litsebi tse ling tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo. Babelehisi ba bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho thuseng malapa ho utloisisa boemo, ho aha boitokisetso ba tlhokomelo, ho tšehetsa ho anyesa le ho kopana, le ho netefatsa hore litšupiso le mekhoa ea ho kenella lia finyelloa. Ka tlhokomelo e nang le kutloelo-bohloko, e hlophisitsoeng, le e shebaneng le lelapa, boleng ba bophelo ba bo-'mè le masea bo ka ntlafala 'me bokhoni ba nts'etsopele ea ngoana bo ka ntlafatsoa.
