Zvishandiso zveOptical - matambudziko nemhinduro

Zvishandiso zveOptical - matambudziko nemhinduro

Girazi rakatetepa

1. Chinhu chakareba ne h chinoiswa padaro diki pane urefu hwe focal f. Sarudza hunhu hwemufananidzo.

mhinduro

Zvichienderana nemufananidzo uri pamusoro apa, hunhu hwemufananidzo hwakafanana nezviri paindaneti, hwakamira uye hwakakura kupfuura chinhu.

2. Kana chinhu chikaiswa pakati penzvimbo yekutarisa negirazi rakakombama, mufananidzo unoumbwa negirazi ndewekuti:

1. Kupfuura chinhu kaviri

2. Yakarurama

3. Kureba kwemufananidzo = kureba kwemufananidzo

4.Virtual

Mhinduro chaiyo ndeiyi…..

Solution:

Kureba kwefocal (f) = 20 cm uye daro rechinhu (do _o ) = 10 cm, semufananidzo uri pazasi:

a) Kureba kwemufananidzo

1/f = 1/d _o + 1/d _i

1/20 = 1/10 + 1/ _zuva

1/20 – 1/10 = 1/ _zuva

1/20 – 2/20 = 1/ _zuva

-1/20 = 1/ _zuva

d _i = -20 cm

Chiratidzo che "minus" chinoratidza kuti mufananidzo wacho uri wepakombiyuta kana kuti mwaranzi haipfuuri nepapo.

b) Kukura kwemufananidzo

M = -d _i / do _o = -(-20)/10 = 20/10 = kaviri

Chiratidzo chekuwedzera chinoratidza kuti mufananidzo wakamira uye mufananidzo wakakura kaviri pane chinhu chacho.

Zvimiro zvemufananidzo

1. Mufananidzo wakakura zvakapetwa kaviri pane chinhu chacho

2. Yakarurama

3. Kureba kwemufananidzo = kureba kwefocal = 20 cm

4.Virtual

Girazi rakamonana

3. Kureba kwechinhu kuri mamita maviri pamberi pegirazi rakamonana uye kukwirira kwemufananidzo kwakapetwa ne1/16 kupfuura kukwirira kwechinhu. Ndeupi hurefu hwegirazi?

Zvinozivikanwa:

Kureba kwechinhu (do _o ) = mamita maviri

Kukura kwemufananidzo (M) = 1/16 kanomwe

Chinodiwa: kureba kwegirazi rakapinza

Solution:

Kureba kwemufananidzo:

Kureba kwemufananidzo i - 1/8 mita. Chiratidzo chekudzima chinoratidza kuti mufananidzo wacho uri wepaindaneti.

Kureba kwefocal (f):

Chiratidzo che "minus" chinoratidza kuti urefu hwe "focal length" hwakafanana ne "virtual".

4. Sarudza hunhu hwemufananidzo une h-high, uri pamberi pegirazi rakamonana.

mhinduro

Zvichienderana nemufananidzo, hunhu hwemufananidzo hwakafanana nezviri paindaneti, hwakamira uye hudiki pane chinhu.

Girazi rinokudza

7. Lenzi ine urefu hwemamita mashanu inoshandiswa segirazi rinokudza. Lenzi inoshandiswa neziso rakajairwa kana ziso rakatarisa padyo naro. Chii chinonzi angular magnification yegirazi rinokudza?

Zvinozivikanwa:

Kureba kwefocal (f) = 5 cm

Pedyo nepaziso remazuva ose (N) = 25 cm

Kudiwa: Kukura kwekona

Solution:

Kana ziso rakatarisa panzvimbo yaro iri pedyo, daro remufananidzo = nzvimbo iri pedyo nepaziso rakajairika. Equation yekuwedzera kwekona:

M = Kukwidziridza kwekona, N = pedyo nenzvimbo yeziso yakajairika, f = kureba kwegirazi rinokudza

Kukura kwekona kana ziso rakatarisa panzvimbo yaro iri pedyo:

Ziso rinoona zviri pedyo uye ziso rinoona zviri kure

8. Munhu ane maziso anoona zviri pedyo anoshandisa girazi remaziso re +2 Diopters . Ndeipi daro riri pedyo zvikuru iro munhu anogona kuona asina magirazi emaziso.

Zvinozivikanwa:

Simba remalenzi (P) = +2 diopters

Aida: Chinhambwe chiri pedyo

Solution:

Lenzi inoungana kana lenzi inopatsanurana?

Simba relenzi rakanaka nekuti lenzi inoshandiswa i lenzi yakanaka kana kuti lenzi inobatana.

Ndeipi nzvimbo yekutarisa yelenzi?

P = 1/f

2 = 1/f

f = 1/ 2 = 0.5 m = 50 cm

Kureba kwefocal ndeye 50 cm.

Ziso rinoona zviri pedyo uye ziso rinoona zviri kure?

Ziso rinoona zviri pedyo nekuti lenzi inoshandiswa igirazi rakanaka.

Ndeipi daro riri pedyo zvikuru iro munhu anogona kuona asina magirazi emaziso?

Kuti ziso rione zvinhu zviri kure ne 25 cm seziso rakajairika, lenzi inofanira kuumba mufananidzo uri kure ne x cm pamberi pe lenzi. Mufananidzo uri pamberi pe lenzi kuitira kuti mufananidzo uve wakatwasuka uye uri chaiwo. Mufananidzo uri chaiwo kuitira kuti daro remumvuri (s') rive negative.

-1/d _i = 1/f – 1/d _o

-1/d _i = 1/50 – 1/25 = 1/50-2/50 = -1/50

-d _i = -50/1 = -50 cm = -0.50 mamita

d _i = 50 cm = 0.5 mamita

Daro riri pedyo zvikuru iro munhu anogona kuona asina girazi remaziso i50 cm. Daro riri pedyo zvikuru iro ziso rakajairwa rinogona kuona i25 cm.

Magirazi emaziso

9. Nzvimbo iri pedyo yemunhu ane ziso risingaoni zviri pedyo i50 cm. Simba relenzi rinoshandiswa nemunhu kuti rikwanise kuona zvinhu zviri pa25 cm nderei?

mhinduro

Pedyo nepanotangira ziso rakajairika pane 25 cm uye pedyo nepanotangira ziso remunhu ane nzeve pane 50 cm. Lenzi inoshandiswa nemunhu wacho igirazi rinobatana.

Kuti chinhu chakaonekwa chivepos Kuti rive 25 cm pamberi peziso, lenzi inofanira kuumba mufananidzo pachinhambwe che50 cm pamberi peziso nelenzi. mufananidzo inofanira kunge iri pamberi peziso kuti ionekwe kuitira kuti mufananidzo yakatwasuka uye iri paindaneti.

Zvinozivikanwa:

Kureba kwechinhu (do _o ) = 25 cm

Daro remufananidzo (d _i ) = -50 cm (negative nekuti iri pakombiyuta)

Zvinodiwa : Kureba kwefocal (f) uye simba relenzi (P)

Solution:

1/f = 1/s + 1/s'

1/f = 1/25 + 1/-50

1/f = 2/50 – 1/50

1/f = 1/50

f = 50/1 = 50 cm = 0.5 m

Chiratidzo chekuwedzera chinoratidza kuti lenzi iri kuungana.

P = 1/f = 1/0.5 = +2 Diopters

Simba re lenzi iri +2 D.

maikorosikopu

10. Maikorosikopu ine lenzi ine chinhu chinoonekwa uye chinoonekwa chine urefu hwe 0.9 cm uye 5 cm. Mumwe munhu anoisa chinhu chine 10 mm pamberi pelenzi ine chinhu chinoonekwa kuti chionekwe kuburikidza nelenzi ine chinhu chinoonekwa pasina kubatana. Kana chinhu chacho chine urefu hwe 0.5 mm uye daro rekuverenga remunhu riri 25 cm, kureba kwechinhu chacho kuchaonekwa kuti...

Zvinozivikanwa:

Kureba kwelenzi yekutarisa (f _ob ) = 0.9 cm = 9 mm

Kureba kwelenzi yemaziso (f _ok ) = 5 cm = 50 mm

Kureba kwechinhu kubva kune lenzi chaiyo (s _ob ) = 10 mm

Kureba kwechinhu (h _o ) = 0.5 mm

Pedyo nepaziso remazuva ose (N) = 25 cm = 250 mm

Zvinodiwa: Kureba kwemufananidzo (h _i' )

Solution:

Chinhambwe chemufananidzo kubva kune lenzi chaiyo

1/s _ob ' = 1/f _ob – 1/s _ob = 1/9 – 1/10 = 10/90 – 9/90 = 1/90

s _ob ' = 90/1 = 90 mm

Kukura kwese kwemaikorosikopu kana ziso rakasununguka kana mufananidzo uri pakusingaperi, kwakaverengerwa uchishandisa equation:

Kureba kwemufananidzo = kureba kwechinhu x kukura kwese = (0.5 mm)(45) = 22.5 mm.

11. Kureba kwegirazi remaikorosikopu i2.0 cm. Chinhu chinoiswa pa2.2 cm. Kureba kweikorosikopu i24.5 cm. Ziso rakajairika uye rakasununguka. Chii chinonzi kukura kweikorosikopu?

Zvinozivikanwa:

Kureba kwe lenzi yekutarisa (f _ob ) = 2.0 cm

Kureba kwechinhu kubva kune lenzi chaiyo (d _ob ) = 2.2 cm

Kureba kwemaikorosikopu (l) = 24.5 cm

Pedyo nepaziso remazuva ose (N) = 25 cm

Ziso rakasununguka.

Zvinodiwa: Kukura kwese kwemaikorosikopu (M)

Solution:

Ziso rinozorora kana mufananidzo uri pakusingaperi.

Kukura kwese kwemaikorosikopu kana ziso rakasununguka:

M = kukura kwese

l = kureba kwemaikorosikopu = kureba pakati pe lenzi yekutarisa ne lenzi yekuona = kureba kwe lenzi yekuona + kureba kwemufananidzo kubva kune lenzi yekutarisa (d _ob ') = f _ok + d _ob '

Chinhambwe chemufananidzo kubva kune lenzi chaiyo (d _ob '):

1/f _ob = 1/d _ob + 1/d _ob '

1/d _ob ' = 1/f _ob – 1/d _ob = 1/2 – 1 / 2.2 = 2.2 / 4.4 – 2 / 4.4 = 0.2 / 4.4

d _ob ' = 22

Kureba kwemufananidzo kubva kune lenzi yakatarisana ndeye 22 cm.

Kureba kwelenzi yemaziso (kana _zvakanaka ):

l = f _zvakanaka + s _ob '

f _ok = l – d _ob ' = 24.5 – 22 = 2.5 cm

Kukura kwese kwemaikorosikopu (M):

12. Nzvimbo iri pedyo neziso rakajairika i25 cm. Chii chinonzi kukura kwemaikorosikopu?

Zvinozivikanwa:

Pedyo nepaziso remazuva ose (N) = 25 cm

Kureba kwechinhu (d _ob ) = 1.2 cm

Kureba kwe lenzi yekutarisa (f _ob ) = 1 cm

Kureba kwegirazi remaziso (f _ok ) = 5 cm

Kureba pakati pe lenzi ine chinangwa ne lenzi yemaziso = 10 cm

Zvinodiwa: Kukura kwemaikorosikopu

Solution:

Kana mufananidzo wekupedzisira uri pausingaperi, ziso rinenge rakasununguka (nzvimbo shoma yekuisa zvinhu). Kana mufananidzo wekupedzisira uri padyo (25 cm), ziso harina kusununguka asi rakanangana padyo (nzvimbo yepamusoro yekuisa zvinhu).

Kuenzanisa kwekukura kwemaikorosikopu kana ziso rakatarisa pedyo (nzvimbo yakakwana yekugara):

Chinhambwe chemufananidzo kubva kune lenzi chaiyo (d _ob '):

1/d _ob ' = 1/d _ob – 1/d _ob = 1/1 – 1/1.2 = 12/12 – 10/12 = 2/12

d _ob ' = 12/2 = 6 cm

Kukura kwemufananidzo:

Matambudziko nemhinduro dzemaikorosikopu

Telescope

Matambudziko nemhinduro dzeTeresikopu 1

Matambudziko nemhinduro dzeTeresikopu 2

1. Ndeipi nheyo huru iri shure kwezvishandiso zve optical?
   • mhinduro: Nheyo huru iri shure kwezvishandiso zve optical ndeyekushandisa chiedza, kunyanya kuburikidza ne refraction ne reflection, kugadzira nekukudza mifananidzo, zvichitibatsira kuona zvinhu zviri nani kana kuyera zvimwe zvinhu zvechiedza.
2. Magirazi ekuona anogadzirisa zvinhu anoshanda sei kuti aone zvakanaka?
   • mhinduro: Magirazi ekuona anogadzirisa ane magirazi anotsiva kutadza kwemaziso kutarisa chiedza. Kune vanoona zviri pedyo, magirazi akakombama anoparadzira mwaranzi yechiedza, nepo kune vanoona zviri kure, magirazi akakombama anounganidza mwaranzi yechiedza, zvichiita kuti ziso rikwanise kutarisa mifananidzo pa retina nemazvo.
3. Sei girazi rinokudza zvinhu richiita kuti zvinhu zviite sezvikuru?
   • mhinduro: Girazi rinokudza zvinhu igirazi rakamonana rinogadzira mufananidzo chaiwo, wakakura, uye wakatwasuka wechinhu chacho kana chinhu chacho chikaiswa mukati mehurefu hwegirazi. Ziso rinoona mufananidzo uyu wakakura sewakakura kupfuura chinhu chacho pachacho.
4. Kuvhurika kwekamera kunokanganisa sei kunaka kwemufananidzo?
   • mhinduro: Aperture iyi inodzora huwandu hwechiedza chinopinda mukamera. Aperture yakakura inobvumira chiedza chakawanda, izvo zvinogona kukonzera mapikicha ari nani asina chiedza chakawanda. Zvisinei, aperture yakakura inoderedzawo kudzika kwemunda, zvichireva kuti chikamu chidiki chemufananidzo chichava chakajeka. Kusiyana neizvi, aperture diki inowedzera kudzika kwemunda asi inogona kuda nguva yakareba yekuratidzwa kana mamiriro ekuona zvakanyanya.
5. Sei mabhinocular achiwanzova nenhamba yakaita sekuti “10×50” yakanyorwa paari?
   • mhinduro: Muma "10×50" mabhainokura, "10x" zvinoreva kuti chinhu chichaonekwa chiri pedyo kagumi kupfuura nemaziso asina kuoneka. "50" zvinoreva dhayamita ye lenzi inoonekwa iri mumamirimita. Lenzi hombe inoonekwa iri inogona kuunganidza chiedza chakawanda, zvichiita kuti mufananidzo uve wakajeka, kunyanya kana paine chiedza chakaderera.
6. Teresikopu inounganidza sei chiedza kupfuura ziso remunhu, uye nei izvi zvichikosha pakuona nyeredzi dziri kure?
   • mhinduro: Materesikopu ane magirazi akakura kupfuura ziso remunhu, zvichivabvumira kuunganidza nekuisa chiedza chakawanda. Kukwanisa uku kuunganidza chiedza kwakakosha pakuona zvinhu zviri kure uye zvisina kusimba zvekudenga zvisingaonekwe nemaziso.
7. Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati peteresikopu inoburitsa chiedza (refracting) neteresikopu inoburitsa chiedza (reflective telescope)?
   • mhinduro: Teresikopu inopenya (kana kuti refractor) inoshandisa malenzi kukotamisa nekutarisa chiedza, nepo teresikopu inopenya (kana reflector) inoshandisa magirazi. Marefractor anowanzo tambura nekuchinja kwechromatic, izvo zvinogona kukonzera mipendero ine mavara yakakomberedza zvinhu. Marefractor anodzivirira dambudziko iri asi angada kurongeka nekugadziriswa kakawanda.
8. Sei maikorosikopu ichishandisa malenzi akawanda?
   • mhinduro: Maikorosikopu anoshandisa musanganiswa wemalenzi (anotarisa chinhu uye ekuona) kuti awane kukura uye kupenya kwakanyanya. Lenzi inotarisisa chinhu inokudza sampuli, uye enziyo inotarisisa mufananidzo iwoyo. Musanganiswa uyu unobvumira kutarisa zvakadzama zvivako zvidiki.
9. Fiber ye optical inotumira sei ruzivo kure kure?
   • mhinduro: Mafiber ekuona anoshandisa musimboti wekutarisa kwemukati kwese. Zviratidzo zvechiedza (kubva kuma lasers) zvinopinzwa mufiber uye zvinoburitsa madziro emukati mefiber, zvichifamba daro refu pasina kurasikirwa kwakanyanya musimba. Zviratidzo zvechiedza izvi zvinogona kutakura data rakawanda.
10. Basa reprism muspectrometer nderei?

• mhinduro: Mu spectrometer, prism inoparadzira chiedza chinopinda mumavara ayo (spectrum) zvichibva pama wavelengths. Izvi zvinobvumira kuongororwa kwezvinobva chiedza kuti zvionekwe kuti zvakagadzirwa sei, simba razvo, nezvimwe zvinhu.