Chinyorwa nezve kamera yeOptical instrument
Zvikamu zvekamera
Kamera iri nyore ine lenzi ine denderedzwa, diaphragm, shutter, uye firimu.
Magirazi eConvex anoshanda kugadzira mufananidzo chaiwo uye wakapinduka pafirimu. Kusiyana negirazi reziso rine urefu hwefocal hunogona kuchinja, lenzi yekamera ine urefu hwefocal husingachinji. Lenzi yekamera igirazi rakapinduka, kwete lenzi rakapinduka nekuti mufananidzo unogadzirwa negirazi rakapinduka unogara uri wechokwadi. Pane kudaro, mufananidzo unogadzirwa negirazi rakapinduka unongova wechokwadi kana daro rechinhu riri guru kupfuura urefu hwefocal. Mufananidzo chaiwo mufananidzo uripo nekuti mufananidzo uyu unogona kurekodhwa pafirimu. Kusiyana neizvi, mufananidzo chaiwo mufananidzo wenhema saka mufananidzo haugone kurekodhwa pafirimu. Nzvimbo yemufananidzo chaiwo uye wakapinduka unogadzirwa negirazi rakapinduka inoenderana nenzvimbo yefirimu.
Diaphragm kana f-stop. Diaphragm inoshanda kudzora huwandu hwechiedza chinokanganisa firimu. Hukuru hwedhayamita yekuvhura hunoenderana nehukuru hwelenzi uye hunoratidzwa nenhamba ye f kana f-stop. F-Stop inotsanangurwa sechiyero chehurefu hwefocal hwelenzi (f) nedhayamita yekuvhura (D): f-stop = f / D. Kana lenzi ine urefu hwefocal hwe100 mm uye dhayamita yekuvhura iri 20 mm, saka lenzi ine f-stop ye100 mm / 20 mm = 5. Muchiitiko ichi, lenzi yakaiswa pa f / 5. Kana lenzi ine urefu hwefocal hwe100 mm uye dhayamita yekuvhura iri 25 mm, lenzi ine f-stop ye100 mm / 25 mm = 4. Muchiitiko ichi, lenzi yakaiswa pa f / 4. Zvichibva pakuverenga uku, zvinogumiswa kuti kana dhayamita yekuvhura yakakwira, huwandu hwef-stop hudiki uye chiedza chakakomberedza firimu chinowedzera. Nhamba diki ye f-stop (dhayamita yekuvhura inonyanya kukosha) ndiyo kumhanya kwe lenzi.
Kumhanya kweshutter. Kureba kwenguva yeshutter yakavhurika kunokanganisa huwandu hwechiedza chinorova firimu nekuti kana shutter yavhurwa, firimu rinovhurikawo uye rinoiswa chiedza. Kumhanya kweshutter kunonziwo "nguva yechiedza". Kumhanya kweshutter kwakabatana nenguva yeshutter yakavhurika. Nokudaro, kumhanya kweshutter kunoratidzwa mumasekonzi. Kumhanya kweshutter kuri pakati pemasekonzi akati wandei kusvika pasekondi. Nguva yeshutter idiki, kumhanya kweshutter kunokurumidza, chiedza chinorova firimu zvishoma. Kumhanya kweshutter nekukurumidza kunodiwa kana huwandu hwechiedza huri hudiki. Kumhanya kweshutter nekukurumidza kunodiwawo kubvisa kusviba kwemufananidzo nekuda kwekufamba kwekamera.
Firimu. Firimu iri rinoshanda kurekodha mufananidzo chaiwo wakagadzirwa ne lenzi yekamera. Makore mashoma apfuura, firimu iri raishandiswa pakamera, asi ikozvino firimu harichashandiswi pakamera. Parizvino, mufananidzo wakagadzirwa ne lenzi yekamera unorekodhwa nemagetsi. Makamera anorekodha mifananidzo nemagetsi anonzi makamera edhijitari. Makamera anorekodha mifananidzo achishandisa firimu anonzi makamera eanalog.
Kutarisa uye kuumbwa kwemufananidzo
Hunhu hwekupfura, pamusoro pehukuru hwekuvhura kwediaphragm uye kumhanya kweshutter, hunokanganiswawo nekutarisa. Usati waongorora kutarisa kwelenzi yekamera, tanga wanzwisisa tsananguro inotevera. Nezvemalenzi ane convex, zvinotsanangurwa kuti kana daro rechinhu ( s = do) riri kure zvikuru uye richionekwa serisingaperi, mufananidzo chaiwo unogadzirwa nelenzi ine convex unoenderana nenzvimbo yekutarisa yelenzi ine convex. Saka, kana daro rechinhu risina mugumo, daro remufananidzo ( s' = di) rakaenzana nehurefu hwe focal (f). Nezvekuumbwa kwemufananidzo welenzi ine convex, zvinodzidzwa kuti kana daro rechinhu rikava diki, daro remufananidzo rinowedzera kuoneka uye saizi yemufananidzo iri kuwedzerawo kukura.
Kutarisa lenzi yekamera kwakasiyana nekutarisa lenzi yeziso. Kutarisa lenzi yeziso kunoitwa nekushandura kutenderera kwelenzi yeziso (kuchinja kureba kwelenzi yeziso) kusvika mufananidzo wasvika pa retina kuitira kuti mufananidzo wakanyatsojeka uumbwe. Kana kamera ikashandisa lenzi imwe chete (kwete lenzi ye zoom ine lenzi dzakawanda), kureba kwelenzi hakugone kuchinjwa. Kutarisa lenzi yekamera kunoitwa nekushandura daro remufananidzo (mukati) kusvika mufananidzo wakanyatsojeka wagadzirwa.
Kana daro rechinhu ( s = do) riri kure zvikuru kana kuti risingaperi, daro remufananidzo (di) rakafanana nerefu hwefocal (f). Enzanisa Mufananidzo 1.
Kana daro rechinhu riri diki pane risingaperi, daro remufananidzo (s' = di) yakakura kupfuura urefu hwefocal (f). Diki 
daro rechinhu (s = do), daro remufananidzo (di) rakakwirira uye saizi yemufananidzo yakakwira. Zvichibva patsananguro iyi, zvakagumiswa kuti kana daro riri pakati pechinhu nelenzi riri pedyo, daro riri pakati pelenzi nefirimu rinofanira kuwedzerwa. Kana daro riri pakati pezvinhu zvine lenzi riri kure, daro riri pakati pelenzi nefirimu rinoderedzwa. Enzanisa Mufananidzo 2.
Kutarisa pane kamera kunofanirwawo kutarisisa kureba kwe lenzi yekamera inoshandiswa. Kureba kwe lenzi yekamera kwakakura, kureba kwemufananidzo kwakakwira ( s' = di). Ma lenzi ane urefu hwakanyanya hwe focal anogadzirawo mufananidzo wakakura. Kana tichida kuwana mufananidzo chaiwo nepo daro rechinhu riri kure, shandisa lenzi ine urefu hwakakura hwe focal. Ma lenzi ane urefu hwakakura hwe focal anowanzova akati sandara kana kuti asina kukombama.
