Kugona kwemagetsi

Tsanangudzo yesimba remagetsi

Simba remagetsi rinotsanangurwa se simba remagetsi payuniti imwe neimwe. Ngatitii kana yasvika padanho a, q ine simba remagetsi rakaenzana neEP_a, ipapo simba remagetsi panzvimbo a rinogadzirwa seizvi:

V = simba remagetsi, EP = simba remagetsi, q = kuchaja kwemagetsi

V haisi panzvimbo a chete asiwo panzvimbo dzose dziri mu munda wemagetsi. Poindi a inoshandiswa semuenzaniso. Sezvazvichatsanangurwa gare gare, V haitsamiri pane chaji q.

EP nemagetsi zvinokwana huwandu hwe scalar saka V inosanganisirawo huwandu hwe scalar. Chikamu chepasi rose cheEP chinonzi Joule uye chikamu chepasi rose chemagetsi chinokwana Coulomb saka chikamu chepasi rose cheV chinonzi Joule paCoulomb (J/C). Rimwe zita reJ/C iVolt, rinobva pazita remusayendisiti wekuItaly uye muvambi webhatiri remagetsi, Alessandro Volta (1745-1827).

Musiyano wemagetsi

V panzvimbo yakaita seV panzvimbo a, kureva, V_a, hazvigone kuzivikanwa nekuti chinonyanya kukosha kuchinja kwesimba remagetsi. Kuchinja kwesimba remagetsi kunogona kuzivikanwa nekukosha kwaro, kungave kuburikidza nekuverenga kana kuyerwa. V inoshanduka kana chaji q ichifamba kubva pane imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe. Ngatiti chaji q inofamba kubva pane imwe nzvimbo a kuenda pane imwe b saka shanduko muV ndeiyi:

Vab musiyano weV pakati pemapoinzi maviri mumunda wemagetsi, semuenzaniso, mapoinzi a na b. Musiyano weV pakati pemapoinzi a na b (V_ab) zvakafanana nebasa rinoitwa nesimba remagetsi muchaji yemagetsi pakufamba kubva panzvimbo a kuenda panzvimbo b, pachaji imwe neimwe (W_ab /q). Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti basa rinoitwa nesimba remagetsi rechaji q pakufamba kubva panzvimbo a kuenda kune poindi b (W)._ab) yakaenzana nekuchinja kwesimba remagetsi rinogoneka rekuchaja q (ΔEP). Saka, muequation iri pamusoro, ΔEP inogona kutsiviwa naW_ab.

Kana chinhu chiri panzvimbo yakati pamusoro pepasi, chine simba rekukwevera pasi, uko pamusoro pepasi panoshandiswa senzvimbo yekunongedzera. Muchiitiko ichi, kukwirira kwepasi nesimba rekukwevera pasi chaipo papasi zvakaiswa pazero. Kufanana nesimba rekukwevera pasi, patinotaura kuti pane imwe nzvimbo ine simba remagetsi, inofanira kunge iri imwe nzvimbo inoshandiswa senzvimbo yekunongedzera, tichifunga chete musiyano uripo pakati pesimba remagetsi unogona kuverengerwa. Kazhinji, maconductor epasi kana emagetsi akabatana nepasi anosarudzwa senzvimbo dzekunongedzera, uko simba remagetsi remukonderi kana simba remagetsi riri pasi rakaiswa pazero. Saka kana poindi ine simba remagetsi re12 Volts, musiyano wesimba remagetsi pakati pepoindi iyoyo nepasi i12 Volts. Pabhatiri re6 Volt, musiyano wesimba remagetsi pakati pepositi yakanaka nepositi yakaipa i6 Volts. Nekuti chikamu chemusiyano wesimba remagetsi iVolt, musiyano wesimba remagetsi pakati pemapoinzi maviri unowanzo kunzi voltage.

Equation yemusiyano wemagetsi iri pamusoro apa inogona kunyorwa zvakare seinotevera:

Kana chaji q ikapfuura nemusiyano wemagetsi V_ab, simba rinogona kuchinja neΔEP. Semuenzaniso, kuchaja kwe2 Coulombs kunopfuura nemusiyano wesimba remagetsi we12 Volts, simba rinogona kuchinja ne (2 C)(12 V) = 24 Joules. Saizvozvowo, kana chaji ye4 Coulomb ichipfuura nemusiyano wesimba remagetsi we24 Volts, simba rinogona kuchinja ne (4 C) (24 V) = 96 Joules.

Saka, shanduko musimba remagetsi (ΔEP) inoenderana nekuchaja (q) uye voltage (V)._ab). Kana chaji yemagetsi nemagetsi zvakakwirira, kuchinja kwesimba remagetsi kunowedzera. Simba remagetsi rinoenderana nekukwanisa kuita basa, zvekuti kana shanduko musimba remagetsi dzakakosha, saka kugona kuita basa kwakakoshawo.

Equation yemusiyano weV uri pamusoro apa ichiri yakajairika. Kuti uwane equation yeV yakadzama, ongorora musiyano wemagetsi uri mumunda wemagetsi wakafanana uye musiyano wemagetsi unokonzerwa nekuchaja kamwe chete.

Simba remagetsi mumunda wemagetsi wakafanana

Musiyano uri muV pakati pemapoinzi maviri mumunda wemagetsi wakafanana, semuenzaniso, poindi a nepoindi b, unogona kuverengerwa uchishandisa equation iri pazasi:

V_ab = musiyano waV pakati pemapoinzi maviri, E = munda wemagetsi, uye d = chinhambwe pakati pemapoinzi maviri.

V inoburitswa nechaji imwe chete

V panguva imwe chete nekuda kwekuchaja kamwe chete kunogadzira munda wemagetsi inogona kuverengerwa uchishandisa equation:

V_ab = musiyano weV pakati pemapoinzi maviri, k = Coulomb constant, Q = kuchaja kamwe chete kunogadzira munda wemagetsi, r = daro riri pakati pekuchaja Q nenzvimbo iyo V inoverengerwa.

Hukama huripo pakati pesimba remagetsi (E) nesimba remagetsi (V)

Munda wemagetsi E inhamba yevector, nepo V iri nhamba yescalar. Vector quantity inosanganisira gwara zvekuti zvinonetsa kuverenga kana tichienzanisa nekuverenga huwandu hwescalar. Kurerutsa kuverenga kwemunda wemagetsi, uchishandisa equation inotaura hukama huripo pakati pemunda wemagetsi neV.

Musiyano wepotenti wakatsanangurwa kare wakanyorwazve seizvi:

Pamasvomhu, basa chibereko chesimba uye kusuduruka, uko simba riri chibereko chesimba remagetsi nechaji. Hukama huripo pakati pebasa, simba, uye kusuduruka hunoratidzwa kuburikidza ne equation iri pazasi:

Kana ma equation maviri ari pamusoro apa akaiswa pamwe chete, saka equation itsva inogadzirwa seizvi:

E = munda wemagetsi, V_ab = musiyano wesimba remagetsi pakati pemapoinzi maviri akadai semapoinzi a na b, d = daro riri pakati pemapoinzi maviri.

Chikamu chemusiyano wezvinogona kuitika ndicho Volt, uye chikamu chedaro ndicho mita kuitira kuti munda wemagetsi ugone kutaurwa muzvikamu zveVolts pamita (V/m).

Iyi equation inogona kushandiswa kuona munda wemagetsi (homogeneous) unozivikanwa semusiyano uripo pakati pemapoinzi maviri nedaro riri pakati pemapoinzi maviri. Zvichibva paequation, munda wemagetsi unoenderana neV uye unoenderana nedaro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana V yakakwira, munda wemagetsi wakakwira uye daro rakakwirira, munda wemagetsi unova mudiki.