Kumhanya kweChiedza muNzira dzakasiyana-siyana
Chiedza chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha uye zvinonakidza mufizikisi. Chinyorwa chino ngachikuendesei munyika inonakidza yekumhanya kwechiedza muzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Kubva kumhepo yatinofema kusvika kuzvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki, tichaongorora kuti kumhanya kwechiedza kunosiyana sei zvichienderana nechinhu chachinofamba nacho.
Pendauluan
Kumhanya kwechiedza muvacuum kunosvika mamita 299.792.458 pasekondi, kazhinji kutenderedzwa kusvika 300.000 km/s. Uku ndiko kumhanya kukuru kunogona kufamba nesimba, ruzivo, kana zvinhu zvichienderana nedzidziso yaAlbert Einstein yehukama . Asi kumhanya kwechiedza kunosiyana sei mune dzimwe nzira? Ndiwo mubvunzo mukuru wakanangana nechinyorwa chino.
Kumhanya kweChiedza muVacuum
Kumhanya kwechiedza mu vacuum chinhu chisingachinji, chinowanzo ratidzwa ne "c." Dzidziso yaEinstein ye relativity inotsanangura kumhanya uku semuganhu wepasi rose uko pasina ruzivo kana chinhu chinogona kupfuura. Basa iri rekumhanya kwechiedza rinokosha kune fomura E=mc², iyo inoratidza hukama hwakananga pakati pehukuru nesimba.
Refractive Index uye Kumhanya kweChiedza
Kana chiedza chikapinda mune chimwe chinhu, senge mvura, girazi, kana kunyange mhepo, kumhanya kwacho kunochinja. Kuchinja uku kunoyerwa uchishandisa refractive index (n), nhamba isina unit inotsanangura kuti chiedza chakakombama zvakadii (chakakombama) pachinopfuura nepakati. Refractive index inotsanangurwa se:
\[ n = \frac{c}{v} \]
di mana:
– \( n \) = Chiratidzo cheRefractive
– \( c \) = Kumhanya kwechiedza mu vacuum
– \( v \) = Kumhanya kwechiedza pakati nepakati
Kana chiratidzo che refractive chechinhu chiri pakati nepakati chakakwira, chiedza chinononoka kufamba machiri.
Kumhanya kweChiedza muMhepo
Mhepo ine refractive index yakakwira zvishoma pane vacuum, kazhinji inenge 1.0003 pamhepo yakajairwa . Saka, kumhanya kwechiedza mumhepo kwakafanana nekwemu vacuum, asi kunononoka zvishoma. Ndokusaka tichiwanzo furatira musiyano uyu mukuverenga kwakawanda kuri nyore, asi mukuyera kwesainzi kwakanyatsojeka, mhedzisiro iyi inoonekwa.
Kumhanya kweChiedza Mumvura
Mvura, ine refractive index yeinenge 1.33, inononotsa chiedza zvakanyanya kupfuura mhepo. Nokudaro, kumhanya kwechiedza mumvura kunenge \( \frac{c}{1.33} \), kana kuti anenge 225.000 km/s. Kuderera uku kunogona kuchinja mavara echiedza chinoonekwa, zvichikonzera mhedzisiro ye refraction yatinoona zuva nezuva, senge penzura inoita kunge inotyoka kana yaiswa mugirazi remvura.
Kumhanya kweChiedza muGirazi
Kuchinja kwegirazi kunosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwaro uye maumbirwo aro, asi kazhinji kacho kunenge 1.5. Saka, kumhanya kwechiedza mugirazi i \( \frac{c}{1.5} \), kana kuti anenge 200.000 km/s. Kuchinja uku kwekumhanya kunowanzo shandiswa mumashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana ekuona akadai semalenzi ekamera nemagirazi emaziso, uko kudzika kwechiedza chiri chinhu chakakosha.
Kumhanya kweChiedza muMadhaimondi
Madhaimani ane refractive index ye2.42, imwe yezvinhu zvakakwirira kupfuura zvese zvinoonekera. Zvichibva pa refractive index iyi, kumhanya kwechiedza mudhaimani kunenge \( \frac{c}{2.42} \), kana kuti anenge 124.000 km/s. Iyi refractive index yakakwira ndiyo chikonzero nei madhaimani achiramba chiedza uye achipenya zvinoshamisa, chinhu chinotsvakwa zvikuru munyika yezvishongo.
Kumhanya kweChiedza muZvinhu Zvisiri Zvega
Kuwedzera kune zvinhu zvakajairika zvakaita semhepo, mvura, uye magirazi, tsvakurudzo yesainzi iri kutsvagawo nzira dzekunze uko kumhanya kwechiedza kunogona kusiyana zvakanyanya. Heano mimwe mienzaniso:
Plasma
Plasma inyaya ine zvinhu zvine chaji inowanikwa munyeredzi kana maTV eplasma. Munzira iyi, kumhanya kwechiedza kunogona kusiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nehuwandu hweplasma uye tembiricha.
Zvinhu zveMetateri
Metematerials zvinhu zvine magadzirirwo madiki akagadzirwa kuti ave nehunhu husingawanikwe muzvisikwa. Mune zvimwe zvidzidzo, metaterials dzakagadzirirwa kuva ne negative refractive index, zvichiita kuti kumhanya kwemafungu echiedza kuve kwakanyanya zvekuti zvinogadzira mhedzisiro inoshamisa senge "invisibility cloaks."
Mashandisirwo uye Zvazvinoreva
Kunzwisisa kuti kumhanya kwechiedza kunochinja sei muzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kune mashandisirwo akawanda anoshanda uye zvinoreva dzidziso:
Tekinoroji yekutaurirana
Fiber ye optical, inowanzogadzirwa negirazi kana purasitiki chaiyo, inoshandisa musimboti wekuchinja kumhanya kwechiedza. Izvi zvinobvumira kutumira data nekukurumidza uye zvine simba.
Nyeredzi
Masayendisiti anoshandisa mhedzisiro yekusagona kuona chiedza uye kumhanya kwechiedza kuyera zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuchadenga, kubva pakukotama kwechiedza negiravhiti kusvika Mhedzisiro yeDoppler inoshandiswa kuona mafambiro enyeredzi nemagalaksi.
Medical
Matekinoroji akadai seMRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) anoshandisa hunhu hwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kugadzira mifananidzo yepamusoro-soro yemukati memuviri wemunhu, chishandiso chakakosha pakuongorora chirwere.
Mhedziso
Kumhanya kwechiedza chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvakasikwa, zvichiratidza zvinhu zvakawanda zvinonakidza sezvazvinopfuura nepakati pezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Kubva mumhepo yatinofema, kusvika kumvura yatinonwa, kusvika kumadhaimani atinoyemura, zvese zvinopa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pekushanda kwezvisikwa. Ruzivo urwu harungori rwakakosha chete kune sainzi yakachena asiwo runoumba hwaro hwematekinoroji mazhinji anoumba nyika yedu yanhasi.
Nekunzwisisa kuti kumhanya kwechiedza kunochinja sei mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvenhau, tinogona kuramba tichifambira mberi musainzi netekinoroji, zvichitiswededza pedyo nemhinduro dzemibvunzo yakadzama pamusoro pezvinhu zvose zvakasikwa.
