Mashandisirwo Emvura Muindasitiri
Mvura—ingava mvura kana magasi—inoita basa guru muindasitiri yemazuva ano. Kubva pakugadzira chikafu kusvika kumafekitori emafuta, kubva kumafekitori emagetsi kusvika kumafekitori emishonga, mvura inoshandiswa kutakura simba, kutakura huremu, kudzora tembiricha, uye kunyange kutsigira makemikari. Kunzwisisa maitiro emvura, akadai sekumanikidzwa, mwero wekuyerera, kusimba, uye kutenderera, ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira masisitimu akachengeteka, anoshanda, uye anochengetedza mari. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana emvura mumaindasitiri, pamwe chete nemisimboti yayo mikuru nemienzaniso.
1. Pfungwa dzekutanga dzeMafuta muMasisitimu eIndasitiri
Padanho rekutanga, mashandisirwo emvura mumaindasitiri anoenderana nekuti mvura inoyerera sei uye kuti masimba anobata sei pairi. Mamwe emashoko anonyanya kushandiswa ndeaya:
– Kumanikidzwa: simba pachikamu chimwe nechimwe rinoshanda pamvura. Masisitimu akadai semapaipi, matangi, uye mabhoyira anofanira kugadzirwa kuti agone kumirisana nekumanikidzwa kwakati.
– Mwero wekuyerera kwemvura: huwandu hwemvura inoyerera pachikamu chimwe nechimwe chenguva, hwakakosha zvikuru pakuona kugona kwayo kugadzira.
– Kusviba: chiyero che "ukobvu" hwemvura, zvichikanganisa zvinodiwa nesimba repombi uye maitiro ekuyerera kwemvura.
– Kuyerera kwemvura: kwakaomarara kana kuti kwakaomarara. Kuyerera kwemvura kunowedzera kusanganiswa kwemvura asi kunowedzerawo kurasikirwa nesimba.
– Mutemo waBernoulli nekurasikirwa nedzvinyiriro: unotsanangura hukama huripo pakati pekumanikidzwa, kumhanya kwekuyerera, uye kukwirira, pamwe nekurasikirwa nesimba nekuda kwekukweshana uye kuchinja kwenzira.
Nekushandisa pfungwa idzi, mainjiniya vanogona kugadzira ma network emapaipi, kusarudza mapombi/macompressor, uye kugadzirisa maitiro ekugadzira.
2. Masisitimu eMapombi uye Kutakurwa Kwemvura
Imwe yenzira dzinonyanya kushandiswa dzekushandisa mvura ndeyekufambisa mvura kuburikidza nemapaipi. Maindasitiri ekuchenesa mafuta negesi, makemikari, mvura, uye mvura yakasviba anovimba zvakanyanya nemapaipi ekufambisa zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nemagetsi.
Semuenzaniso, mufekitori, oiri isina kucheneswa inopombwa kubva mumatangi ekuchengetera kuenda kuchikamu chekudiridza kuburikidza nemapaipi ane dhayamita yakati pasi pekudzora kwakasimba kwekumanikidzwa. Muhurongwa uhwu, kuverenga kurasikirwa kwemusoro nekuda kwekukweshana kwepombi, zvigadziko (magokora, mavharuvhu), uye shanduko dzedhayamita kwakakosha. Kukanganisa kwekugadzira kunogona kukonzera kudzikira kwekumanikidzwa, mwero wekuyerera usingawanikwe, kana kutokonzera zviitiko zvine njodzi zvakaita sehammer yemvura, iyo inogona kukuvadza mapaipi nekuda kwekuchinja kamwe kamwe kwekuyerera.
Pamusoro pezvo, zvishandiso zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutsigira zvinoshandiswa muhurongwa hwemapaipi, zvakaita se:
- Mavharuvhu ekudzora kufamba kwesystem uye kupatsanurwa kwayo,
- Chiyero chekuyera mwero wekuyerera kwemvura,
- Kuyera kudzvanywa uye masensa ekutarisa kuchengetedzeka,
– Sefa/sefa yekudzivirira zvidimbu kuti zvisakuvadze pombi kana muromo.
3. Mapombi nemaCompressor: Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvinoita Kuti Maitiro Ekuita Izvi Ashande
Muindasitiri, mvura dzinofanira kufambiswa dzichipesana nekukweva, kukweshana, kana kusiyana kwekumanikidzwa. Apa ndipo panoshanda pombi (yemvura) uye compressors (yemagasi).
Muindasitiri yekuchenesa mvura, mapombi anoshandiswa kuwedzera kumanikidzwa kuitira kuti mvura igokwanisa kuparadzirwa kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana munetwork. Muindasitiri yemakemikari, mapombi anofambisa zvinhu zvinoparadza kana mvura ine viscous; sarudzo yerudzi rwepombi (centrifugal, gear pombi, diaphragm) inofanira kufunga nezve viscosity, tembiricha, uye kuenderana kwezvinhu.
Kune rumwe rutivi, macompressor anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri:
– Pneumatics (zvishandiso zvemhepo zvakamanikidzwa),
– Kuisa mufiriji (nguva yekumanikidzwa kwemhepo),
– Makemikoro ePetrokemikari (kudzvanywa kwegasi rinogadzirwa),
– Kugadzira magetsi (turbine yegesi uye masisitimu emhepo anopisa).
Kushandiswa kwemapombi/macompressor kune chekuitawo nekushandisa simba zvakanaka, nekuti kushandiswa kwemagetsi kazhinji ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinodhura pakushanda.
4. Masisitimu eHydraulic muMichina yeMaindasitiri
Mvura inoshandiswawo senzira yekufambisa simba muma hydraulic systems. Chinangwa ndechekushandisa mvura isingadzvanyike (kazhinji mafuta e hydraulic) kuti ifambise simba zvinobudirira. Maitiro aya anowanzo kuwanikwa mu:
– Muchina wekudzvanya (kugadzira simbi),
– Midziyo inorema (macheri, ma loaders, macrane),
– Kuumba jekiseni (purasitiki),
- Masisitimu ekudzora maindasitiri nema actuator.
Chakanakira mahydraulics kugona kugadzira simba guru kubva muzvinhu zvidiki. Semuenzaniso, muchina we hydraulic press unogona kugadzira simbi ine simba guru, uchigadzira zvinhu zvemotokari kana midziyo yemumba. Zvisinei, matambudziko anosanganisira kubuda kwemvura, kuora kwemvura, uye kudiwa kwekuvharwa nekugadziriswa kwefirita.
5. Kudzora Kupisa: Maitiro Ekutonhodza Nekudziyisa
Maitiro ese emaindasitiri anoda kudzorwa kwekupisa. Mvura ndiyo nzira huru yekufambisa kupisa, kungave sezvinhu zvinotonhodza kana zvinopisa. Masisitimu akajairika anosanganisira:
– Chinochinja kupisa (chinochinja kupisa): chigoko nechubhu, chinochinja kupisa kweplate.
– Nhare inotonhodza: inoshandisa mvura inobuda mumhepo kubvisa kupisa.
- Boiler uye sisitimu yemhepo: inogadzira mhepo yemhepo senzira yekudziisa.
Muindasitiri yezvikafu nezvinwiwa, kudzora tembiricha kunoshanda pakuisa pasteurization, kubvisa utachiona, uye kukurumidza kutonhora. Muindasitiri yemafuta, tembiricha ndiyo inosarudza mwero wekuita uye mhando yechigadzirwa, saka mvura dzinodziya dzakadai seutsi kana mafuta anopisa dzinoshandiswa kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwemaitiro.
Kugadzirwa kwemuchina wekuchinjisa kupisa kunoda kunzwisisa kuyerera kwemvura, ma coefficients ekutamisa kupisa, uye mukana wekusvibisa (kusvibiswa pamusoro) izvo zvinogona kuderedza kushanda zvakanaka.
6. Mvura muMaitiro eMakemikoro uye Maitiro
Mumaindasitiri emakemikari nemishonga, mvura ine basa rekuti:
- Chinonyungudutsa chinonyungudutsa reactants,
- Zvinoita kuti pave ne "reactors" kana kuti "continuous reactors",
- Kusanganisa midhiya kuti iite homogenization,
– Gasi rinoita reactant (semuenzaniso hydrogenation uchishandisa H₂).
Masisitimu ekusanganisa anoshandisa zvinhu zvinokurumidzisa uye magadzirirwo chaiwo ematangi kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti kuzara uye kupararira kwekupisa kwakaenzana. Kuyerera kwemhepo kunowanzo dikanwa kuti kukurumidzise kusanganisa, asi kunofanirwa kudzorwa kudzivirira kukuvadza zvigadzirwa zvinonzwa (semuenzaniso, mamwe ma emulsions) kana kukonzera furo rakawandisa.
Pamusoro pezvo, maitiro ekuparadzanisa akadai sekunyungudutsa, kunyudza, uye kubvisa anoenderanawo zvakanyanya nehunhu hwemvura - semuenzaniso, kusagadzikana, kuwanda, kana kunyunguduka pakati pezvikamu.
7. Masisitimu ePneumatic uye Kuzvigadzira Kwemaindasitiri
Mvura ine gasi (inowanzo manikidzwa nemhepo) inoshandiswa mumasystem emhepo. Pneumatics inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu automation yemaindasitiri nekuti yakachena, inokurumidza, uye inoda zvikamu zvakajairwa. Semuenzaniso:
– Masilinda epneumatic ekufambisa mutsetse pamitsetse yekubatanidza,
- Vharuvhu yekudzora yemuchina wekurongedza,
- Sisitimu iri nyore yekusarudza-ne-nzvimbo,
- Zvishandiso zvekudzora (chishandiso chemhepo).
Zvisinei, pneumatics ine miganhu, yakadai sekusanyatsorongeka kwenzvimbo pane masisitimu emagetsi/servo, uye kugona kushanda nesimba kunogona kudzikira kana mhepo yabuda zvakanyanya. Saka, kugadzirisa kudonha kwemvura uye kugadzirisa compressor zvakakosha.
8. Kutarisira Marara neKudzivirirwa Kwezvakatipoteredza
Kushandisa mvura inoyerera kwakakoshawo mukurapa mvura yakasviba, kudzora utsi hunobuda, uye kudzora guruva. Maindasitiri anoshandisa masisitimu akadai se:
- Kufefetera (kuwanikwa kwemhepo) mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvipenyu,
- Kubatanidza uye kusanganisa mvura nemuviri nekusanganisa kwakarongeka,
– Zvikweshe zvegasi zvinobata tsvina uchishandisa mushonga wemvura,
- Sisitimu yekusefa uye yekusefa.
Pano, kunzwisisa kwekuyerera kwezvikamu zvakawanda (liquid-gas, liquid-solid) uye particle dynamics kunobatsira mukuvandudza kushanda kwekupatsanurana uye kuderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza.
9. Kuchengetedzeka Kwemaitiro: Kumanikidzwa, Kubuda Kwemvura, uye Njodzi
Nekuti masisitimu mazhinji anoshanda pakupisa kwakanyanya, kuchengetedzeka ndiko kunonyanya kukosheswa. Kushandiswa kwemvura mumaindasitiri kunowanzobatanidzwa nenjodzi dzakadai se:
- Kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya mutangi kana pombi,
- Kubuda kwezvinhu zvine njodzi,
- Kuputika kweguruva kana gasi,
– Kukundikana kwechisimbiso nevharuvhu.
Saka, zvishandiso zvekuchengetedza zvakaita semavharuvhu ekurerutsira, madhisiki ekutsemuka, masisitimu ekuona kubuda kwemvura, uye mitemo yakasimba yekushanda inoshandiswa. Kuenzanisa kuyerera kwemvura uye kuongorora kumanikidzwa zvinoshandiswawo kudzivirira kutadza kwekugadzira.
Penutup
Mashandisirwo emvura muindasitiri anotora zvinhu zvakawanda, kufambiswa kwemuchina, kudziyisa nekutonhodza, maitiro emakemikari, otomatiki, uye kurapwa kwemvura yakasviba. Kunzwisisa misimboti yefluid mechanics uye thermodynamics kunobatsira maindasitiri kuvandudza mashandiro esimba, kuchengetedza mhando yezvigadzirwa, uye kuona kuchengetedzeka kwekushanda. Sezvo tekinoroji ichifambira mberi, kushandiswa kwecomputer simulation (CFD), smart sensors, uye data-driven automatic control zvichawedzera kusimbisa basa resainzi yemvura mukufambisa maindasitiri ane zvibereko zvakawanda, asingashandise simba zvakanyanya, uye ane hushamwari kune zvakatipoteredza.
