Chiphunzitso cha Kapangidwe ka Malo a Mizinda
Kapangidwe ka malo mumzinda kamatanthauza momwe malo mkati mwa mzinda amakonzedwera ndikugawidwa. Kapangidwe kameneka kamaphatikizapo chilichonse kuyambira kugawa malo ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka mpaka maukonde oyendera. Kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka malo mumzinda ndikofunikira kwa okonza mapulani, omanga nyumba, ndi opanga mfundo kuti apange malo abwino, okhazikika, komanso okhalamo m'mizinda. Nkhaniyi ikambirana mfundo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimafotokoza kapangidwe ka malo mumzinda.
Pendauluan
M'mbiri yonse, malingaliro ambiri aperekedwa kuti afotokoze kapangidwe ka malo a mizinda. Malingaliro awa amatithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe zinthu za mzinda zimagwirizanirana komanso momwe zimasinthira pakapita nthawi. Kumvetsetsa malingaliro awa ndikofunikira kwambiri pakukonza bwino mizinda komanso kupanga mfundo zogwira mtima za mizinda.
Chiphunzitso Chokhazikika
Limodzi mwa mfundo zoyambirira zakale linali chiphunzitso cha E.W. Burgess, chomwe chinapangidwa mu 1925. Chiphunzitsochi chimafotokoza mzinda ngati mndandanda wa mizere yozungulira pakati pa mzinda, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala chigawo chachikulu cha bizinesi. Malinga ndi Burgess, pali madera osiyanasiyana:
1. Central Zone (CBD): Apa ndiye pakati pa mzinda, komwe bizinesi ndi malonda zimachitikira kwambiri.
2. Malo Osinthira: Malo awa nthawi zambiri amakhala odzaza ndi mafakitale, nyumba zosungiramo katundu, ndi nyumba za anthu osauka. Ndi malo omwe kusintha ndi chitukuko zimachitika mwachangu.
3. Malo Okhala Antchito: Malo awa ali ndi anthu ogwira ntchito okhala ndi nyumba zapamwamba.
4. Malo Okhala Anthu Olemera Pakati: Malo awa ali ndi nyumba zabwino ndipo amakhala anthu olemera pakati.
5. Malo Oyendera Anthu: Ili ndi dera lakunja kwa mzinda lomwe lili ndi nyumba zapamwamba kwambiri ndipo nthawi zina limakhala ndi midzi yaying'ono yozungulira mzindawu.
Ubwino wa chitsanzo ichi ndi luso lake lofotokozera momwe anthu okhala m'mizinda amakhalira malinga ndi gulu la anthu komanso zachuma, koma chitsanzo ichi sichili chofunikira kwambiri pa mizinda yamakono yomwe nthawi zambiri imasonyeza chitukuko chovuta kwambiri.
Chiphunzitso cha Gawo
Mu 1939, Homer Hoyt adapanga chiphunzitso cha gawoli ngati njira ina yosinthira chitsanzo chokhazikika. Hoyt adati mizinda ikukula m'magawo omwe amachokera pakati pa mzinda m'njira zazikulu zoyendera. Gawo lililonse nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi mtundu winawake wa malo ogwiritsira ntchito, monga madera aboma, mafakitale, ndi okhalamo.
Ubwino wa chiphunzitsochi ndi luso lake lofotokoza chitukuko cha mizinda m'njira zoyendera. Komabe, chiphunzitso cha magawo chilinso ndi zolepheretsa, chifukwa si mizinda yonse yomwe ikukula malinga ndi njira zomwe zilipo kale zoyendera.
Chiphunzitso cha Ma nyukiliya ambiri
Chiphunzitso cha ma core ambiri chomwe chinapangidwa ndi Chauncy Harris ndi Edward Ullman mu 1945, chimati mizinda ili ndi "ma core" angapo osiyana omwe amagwira ntchito ngati malo ochitira zinthu zinazake. Mwachitsanzo, pakhoza kukhala maziko a mafakitale, maziko amalonda, ndi maziko okhalamo. Chiphunzitsochi chimakhala chenicheni chikagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mizinda ikuluikulu komanso yovuta, komwe ntchito zachuma ndi zachikhalidwe sizimayikidwa pamalo amodzi.
Chiphunzitsochi chimasinthasinthanso pofotokoza chitukuko cha mizinda yamakono, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi malo ambiri azachuma komanso zochitika za anthu m'dera lonselo.
Chiphunzitso cha Kupezeka kwa Mphamvu Yokoka
Chiphunzitso cha kupezeka kwa mphamvu yokoka chikuyesera kufotokoza momwe mizinda imagwirira ntchito kutengera mtunda ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Chiphunzitsochi chimati mzinda ukakhala waukulu komanso woyandikana, mphamvu yake yokoka kapena "yokoka" imakula kwambiri pamizinda yozungulira. Izi zimathandiza kufotokoza kukula kwa kufalikira kwa mizinda ndi madera okhala m'mizinda, chifukwa okhalamo ndi mabizinesi amakopeka ndi madera omwe ali pafupi ndi mizinda ikuluikulu koma amapereka ndalama zochepa zogulira zinthu komanso moyo wabwino wosiyana.
Kukhazikitsa ndi Mavuto Amakono
Ngakhale kuti mfundo zimenezi zimapereka zitsanzo zofunika kwambiri zomvetsetsa kapangidwe ka malo a mizinda, nthawi zambiri zimafunika kusinthidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi momwe zinthu zilili m'deralo komanso chitukuko cha ukadaulo. Mwachitsanzo, chitukuko cha ukadaulo wazidziwitso ndi kulumikizana kwasintha momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito, zomwe zathandiza kuti anthu azigwira ntchito patali komanso kusintha malo a malo ochitira bizinesi.
Mayendedwe abwino a anthu onse tsopano ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakukonzekera mizinda, ndipo mizinda yambiri ikuyang'ana kwambiri pakupanga njira zoyendera zophatikizana kuti zichepetse kuchulukana kwa anthu komanso kutulutsa mpweya woipa wa carbon. Kusintha kwa kukonzekera ndi kukhazikika kwa zinthu kukukulirakulira, chifukwa mizinda iyenera kulinganiza zosowa zachuma, zachikhalidwe, komanso zachilengedwe.
Mavuto ena amakono ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, komwe kumakhudza mapulani a mizinda kudzera mu chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha masoka achilengedwe monga kusefukira kwa madzi ndi kutentha. Izi zikulimbikitsa okonza mapulani a mizinda kuganizira zinthu zokhazikika pakupanga mizinda.
Mapeto
Kumvetsetsa malingaliro okhudza kapangidwe ka malo m'mizinda ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri popanga mizinda yogwira ntchito bwino, yokhazikika, komanso yabwino. Ngakhale kuti chiphunzitso chilichonse chili ndi mphamvu ndi zofooka zake, chimapereka dongosolo lomwe limathandiza okonza mapulani a mizinda ndi opanga mfundo kumvetsetsa ndi kuthana ndi mavuto apadera omwe mizinda yamakono ikukumana nawo. Mwa kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito ndikusintha malingaliro awa, titha kuyembekezera kumanga mizinda yabwino mtsogolo.
